Making oleic soaps

Sometimes, in making soaps with oleic acid as an ingredient, the tallow, or other fatty matters are saponified separately, and afterwards mixed with the oleic soap by crutching in the frames, and if it is desired to give a slight perfume to the soap to disguise the characteristic odour of the oleic acid, a small quantity of nitro-benzol may be orutebed in with the soap, which communicates to it the odour of oil of bitter almonds. 

Oleic acid, saponified by potash ley, is a very suitable fatty materi j for making soft soap. The first potash ley should have a strength equal to about 20 B., and the soap may be finished with a stronger ley— from 25 to 28°. 

Ut JnnomamL proposes to make a soap by dissolving 28 parts of soda ash in 100 parts of molasses, and stirmg in 100 parts of oleic acid. 

Petroleum asphalt Triglyceride, dissociate and polymerized esters Acid value 50-60 Soap value 140-150 Unsaponifiable matters 15-20 %, Fatty acid 20-22 % Prepared by making oleic acid 5-10 % liquid soap stabilized with tar oil... 

Lead soaps are made according to methods 1, 2 a and 2 b if neutral. Method 2 is used for the manufacture of alkaline soaps, and also for making complex soaps. A mixture of PbO and PbS04 is reacted with the fatty acid. - Stearic acid and - oleic acid [1120-46-3] are the main reactants. Three types of stearates are important neutral [1072-35-1], monobasic [90459-52-2] and dibasic [56189-09-4]. Main use is as heat stabilizer and lubricant for PVC (->plastics additives). Other uses are as lubricants in pencil manufacture (- inks) and - paper additives. 

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

Fats and soaps Their excellent resistance to the higher fatty acids makes the austenitic steels valuable constructional materials for plant dealing with hydrogenation or other treatment of oleic, stearic, and similar acids. 

The composition of the soap solution used has a great influence on the stability and properties of the films. For good results very highly purified oleic acid must be used and the best results cannot apparently be obtained without the use of a trace of ammonia or an amine. Excess of alkali is said to be fatal this points to the hydrolytic equilibrium between acid and neutral soap being of great importance. A 5 per cent, solution of ammonium oleate in 50 per cent, glycerine makes a good solution for ordinary work details of this may be found in Lawrence s Soap Films. Perrin, however, used a 2 per cent, solution of ordinary soap ... 

Liu (2007) introduced another method called soap extraction to quantify acid number. Because the anionic surfactant can be accurately determined by potentiometric titration (see Appendix A in Liu, 2007) with benzethonium chloride (hyamine 1622), it is reasonable to use this method to find the natural soap amount. Because this potentiometric titration is for the aqueous phase, the soap should be extracted into the aqueous phase as the first step. As an anionic surfactant, the natural soap may stay in the oleic phase and form Winsor type 11 microemulsion when the electrolyte strength is high. To extract the soap into the aqueous phase, NaOH is used to keep the pH high with low electrolyte strength. Also, isopropyl alcohol is added to make the system hydrophilic so that soap will partition into the aqueous phase. 

Acidic bathroom cleaners have some distinct advantages on common bathroom soils. First, the main matrix for the soil referred to as soap scum is soap that has been precipitated by water hardness ions. Imbedded in this matrix may be skin flakes, lint, dirt, etc. (see Figure 13.7), but the waxy precipitated soap serves to hold the mass together and make it adhere to surfaces. Acids can work to reverse this chemical reaction, turning some part of the soap fatty acids into liquid components (notably oleic acid). This serves to soften the soil overall and thereby make it more easily removed. Second, if there were any ion bridging of the soil to a receptive... 

ChevreuI also contributed to the improvement of the ancient art of soap making. He identified soaps as the potassinm salts of the fatty oleic and... 

Uses The isopropanolamine soaps may be emplayed in oil uses now found far the ethanolamine soaps. Their excellent hydrocarban solubility and color stability make them af special interest in soluble ails, dry cleaning soaps, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical preparations. Vinyl acetate resin emulsions of the ail in-water type far coating fabrics and leather have excellent stability when prepared by stirring 80 parts by weight of Vinylite" resin AYAF (30% solution in toluene) and 1 part oleic acid, into 20 parts of water containirsg 0.6 to 0.8 parts af mixed isopropanolamine. 

Diethylethanolamine (Diethylaminoethanol, (CtHOrNCrHrOH). Di-ethylaminoethanol is a water-white, hygroscopic liquid which behaves chemically like the tertiary amines and alcohols. It is soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, aromatic hydrocarbons, fixed oils, mineral oil, oleic acid, hot stearic acid, and hot paraffin and carnauba wa.xes, the last two solidifying when cooled. It is used in the manufacture of certain pharmaceuticals, such as procaine and "atabrine". It forms amine soaps with higher fatty acids, which are oil-soluble and useful as emulsifiers and textile lubricants. Its mild alkalinity makes it applicable as a neutralizing agent and a corrosion inhibitor. 

Oleic acid is extensively used by soap-makers in the ordinary processes of soap-making but it is generally associated with a considerable portion of tallow or other fat containing stearine, by which a firmer and harder soap is obtained than with oleic acid alone. From 30 to 40 per oeht. of tallow is a fair proportion. 

To make soap from oleic acid and tallow, the proportions may be—oleic acid, 1,850 lbs. t tallow, 900 Iba. 

Crude tar oils Fatty acid and resin acid Oleic acid 28-43 % Linoleic acid 38-65 % Linolenic acid 0.5-2.0 % Stearic acid 4-10 % Palm acid 4-10 % Class A organic acid 95 % Class B organic acid 90 % Fatty acid 35-55 % Resin acid 30-55 % Neutral 4-20 % Acid value 115-175 Soap value 140-180 Making up aqueous solution mixed with hydrocarbon oil emulsified by emulsifier saponified with caustic soda emulsified by sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate and alkylsodiumsulfate... 

Twitchell An early process for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of animal and vegetable fats for making glycerol and soap. The catalyst was a mixture of sulfonated oleic and naphthenic acids and sulfuric acid, known as Twitchell saponifier. Invented in 1897 by E. Twitchell and commercialized by Joslin-Schmidt Company, Cincinnati, OH. Twitchell was awarded the Perkin Medal for this invention by the ACS in 1917. The British soapmakers at that time, Joseph Crosfield and Sons, did not use the process because the products were considered to be too dark in color. 

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