Soap extraction

Liu (2007) introduced another method called soap extraction to quantify acid number. Because the anionic surfactant can be accurately determined by potentiometric titration (see Appendix A in Liu, 2007) with benzethonium chloride (hyamine 1622), it is reasonable to use this method to find the natural soap amount. Because this potentiometric titration is for the aqueous phase, the soap should be extracted into the aqueous phase as the first step. As an anionic surfactant, the natural soap may stay in the oleic phase and form Winsor type 11 microemulsion when the electrolyte strength is high. To extract the soap into the aqueous phase, NaOH is used to keep the pH high with low electrolyte strength. Also, isopropyl alcohol is added to make the system hydrophilic so that soap will partition into the aqueous phase. 

An oil s natural soap amount cannot be determined just by nonaqueous phase titration. Oils with high acid number by nonaqueous phase titration usually have high soap content however, this is not always true (Liu, 2007). Because those acids that cannot generate soap will not be detected by the potentiometric titration, the acid numbers obtained by the soap extraction are less than the acid numbers determined by nonaqueous phase titration, as expected. There is no general ratio between those two acid numbers. Figure 10.10 compares the acid numbers measured from the two methods. The data in this figure show that the acid number from the soap extraction was about one half of the value from the nonaqueous phase titration. 

Extract Extractive Principle Soap Extractive Matter Extract... 

A considerable quantity of oil can be extracted from waste material from shelling and processing plants, eg, the inedible kernels rejected during shelling and fragments of kernels recovered from shells. About 300 t of pecan oil and 300—600 t of English walnut oil are produced aimuaHy from such sources. The oil is refined and used for edible purposes or for the production of soap the cake is used in animal feeds (see Feeds and feed additives). Fmit-pit oils, which closely resemble and are often substituted for almond oil, are produced on a large scale for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes (143). For instance, leaves, bark, and pericarp of walnut may be used to manufacture vitamin C, medicines, dyes and tannin materials (144). 

Pine Oil. This oil is obtained by extraction and fractionation or by steam distillation of the wood of Pinuspalustris Mill, and other species. Most of the oil is produced ia the southeastern United States. The composition of the oil depends on the fractions chosen, but the chief constituents are terpene alcohols, mainly terpiaeol. Piae oil finds use as a germicide ia disiafectants and soaps as an ingredient ia iasecticides, deodorants, poHshes, sweepiag compounds, and catde sprays and as raw material for the manufacture of perfumery-grade terpiaeol [8000-41 -7], anethole [104-46-1], fenchone (137), and camphor (35). 

Hydrolysis by Steam. High pressure steam, 4.5—5.0 MPa (650—725 psi), at 250°C in the absence of a catalyst hydroly2es oils and fats to the fatty acids and glycerol (20). The reaction is commonly carried out continuously in a countercurrent method. The glycerol produced during the reaction is continuously extracted from the equiUbrium mixture with water. A yield of 98% can be achieved. Currentiy, the preferred method to produce soaps is steam hydrolysis of fats followed by alkaU neutrali2ation of the fatty acids. 

Tyj)e of dryer Applicable with dry-product recirculation True and colloidal solutions emulsions. Examples inorganic salt solutions, extracts, milk, blood, waste liquors, rubber latex, etc. Pumpable suspensions. Examples pigment slurries, soap and detergents, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay sbp, lead concentrates, etc. does not dust. Recirculation of product may prevent sticking Examples filter-press cakes, sedimentation sludges, centrifuged sobds, starch, etc. 

Suitable organic solvents, such as ether, benzene, naphtha and the like, are more soluble than in water. This makes it possible to separate them from other substances which may accompany them in the water solution but which are not soluble in the solvents employed. Hence, one application of solvent extraction is the analytical determination of unsaponifiable oils and waxes in admixture with fatty material by submitting the mixture to vigorous saponification with alcoholic potash or, if necessary, sodium ethylate, and to dilute the product with water and extract with petroleum ether. The soaps remain in the aqueous solution while the unsaponifiable oils and waxes dissolved in the ether. The addition of a salt to an aqueous solution prior to extraction is sometimes practiced in some processes. In older processes, SOj is employed in the separation of aromatic and highly saturated hydrocarbons, taking advantage of the much greater solubility of the solubility of the aromatics and... 

The commercial product, as put on to the market, was originally a 10 per cent, solution of ionone in alcohol. This was due not only to the expensive nature of the product, but also to the fact that its odour is very intense, and when pure, not like that of violets. Ten grams of this solution are sufficient to produce 1 kilo of triple extract of violets when diluted with pure spirit. But to-day 100 per cent, violet perfumes, such as the violettone, above mentioned, are regular commercial articles. The perfume is improved both lor extracts and soaps by the addition of a little orris oil, but in the author s opinion the odour of ionone is not nearly so delicate as that of the natural violet, although far more powerful. 

In order to obtain information regarding the composition of these degradation products, aqueous extracts of the lead soaps of the linseed oil fatty acids were analysed, mainly by chromatography. The extracts contained formic acid 46%, azelaic acid 9% and pelargonic acid and its derivatives 27%, the remaining 18% consisting of a mixture of acetic, propionic, butyric, suberic, pimelic and adipic acids. It was shown that whereas the salts of formic acid were corrosive, those of azelaic and pelargonic acid were very efficient inhibitors. 

NOTE There are various types of organic contaminants that can be present in boiler FW, including trace amounts of pesticides and naturally occurring humic, fulvic, and tannic acids, and solvent-extractable oily matter, such as nonvolatile hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal fats, waxes, soaps, greases, and the like. 

Small molecule size-c Ecluslon chrmutography 441 Soap-film meter (GC) 4, 235 Solid-phase extraction 777 cartridges 777 membranes 780 optimization 777, 783 sorbents 778, 785 trace enrichment 777, 783 Solubility parameters 460 Solvatochromic parameters GC 191... 

The choice of alkali was more difficult. In Leblanc s time, the alkali was generally a carbonate (C03) or hydroxide (OH) of potassium or sodium extracted from the ashes of salt-rich plants. For example, northerners made an odoriferous soft soap by burning wood and boiling its ashes with animal fat or fish oil. In Spain, Marseilles, Genoa, and Venice, hard Castile soap was made by boiling olive oil with the ashes of seaweed and shore plants. 

At the termination of the activity period, each participant s hands were held over a bowl and doused with 250 mL of a dilute dioctyl sodium sulfosucci-nate (anionic surfactant) mixture. This soap wash was followed by a 250-mL rinse with deionized water. The soap and water fractions were stored together in the same container. Fifteen grams of sodium chloride were added to the container to facilitate phase separation. The chlorpyrifos was partitioned with 200 mL of ethyl acetate, which was also used to rinse the bowl. The ethyl acetate extract was later analyzed for chlorpyrifos content. The amount of test substance removed was used to assess adult hand exposures and dose and also to assess the theoretical amount of test substance removed when children put their hands in their mouths. 

In the analysis of paint samples, a stepwise extraction of the various lipid and resinous components has been proposed [33] which uses isooctane, methanol, chloroform/methanol (7 3) and methanol/oxalic acid (10%). The last extraction releases FAs from the metal soaps. 

Crisp et al. [212] has described a method for the determination of non-ionic detergent concentrations between 0.05 and 2 mg/1 in fresh, estuarine, and seawater based on solvent extraction of the detergent-potassium tetrathiocyana-tozincate (II) complex followed by determination of extracted zinc by atomic AAS. A method is described for the determination of non-ionic surfactants in the concentration range 0.05-2 mg/1. Surfactant molecules are extracted into 1,2-dichlorobenzene as a neutral adduct with potassium tetrathiocyanatozin-cate (II), and the determination is completed by AAS. With a 150 ml water sample the limit of detection is 0.03 mg/1 (as Triton X-100). The method is relatively free from interference by anionic surfactants the presence of up to 5 mg/1 of anionic surfactant introduces an error of no more than 0.07 mg/1 (as Triton X-100) in the apparent non-ionic surfactant concentration. The performance of this method in the presence of anionic surfactants is of special importance, since most natural samples which contain non-ionic surfactants also contain anionic surfactants. Soaps, such as sodium stearate, do not interfere with the recovery of Triton X-100 (1 mg/1) when present at the same concentration (i.e., mg/1). Cationic surfactants, however, form extractable nonassociation compounds with the tetrathiocyanatozincate ion and interfere with the method. 

Sodium compounds, 22 760-761, 762 as soap bar additives, 22 744 Sodium cyanamide, 8 184 Sodium cyanate, 8 184 Sodium cyanide, 8 183-184 analysis, 8 190 economic aspects, 8 189 health and safety factors, 8 190-191 manufacture, 8 187-189 properties, 8 184-187, 185t silver extraction via, 22 638, 646-647 uses, 8 191... 

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