Lymphocyte activity

Ah = Antibody IL = interleukin TNF =tumornecrosis factor INF = interferon LAK =lymphocyte-activated killer CSF =colony stimulating factors and FGF = fibroblast growth factor. 

Positive lymphocyte transformation test and lymphocyte activation tests... 

RCM-related T-cell activity may be assessed in vitro by lymphocyte transformation test [19, 24]. In addition, CD69 upregulation (lymphocyte activation test) was observed in patients with a positive lymphocyte transformation test [24, 39]. These tests appear to be a promising tool to identify drug-reactive T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RCM-induced drug-hypersensitivity reactions. However, the sensitivity and specificity remain unknown and, therefore, these tests cannot be recommended for routine use yet, but further research on the specificity and sensitivity is indicated. 

Kanny G, Pichler W, Morisset M, et al T-cell-mediated reactions to iodinated contrast media evaluation by skin and lymphocyte activation tests. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115 179-185. 

WANG w, HiGUCHi c M, ZHANG R (1997) Individual and combinatory effects of soy isoflavones on the in vitro potentiation of lymphocyte activation. Nutr Cancer. 29 29-34. 

Fishman, C.W., Udey, M.C., Kurtz, M. and Wedner, J.J. (1981). Inhibition of lectin-induced lymphocyte activation by 2-cyclohexen-l-one decreased intracellular glutathione inhibits an early event in the activation sequence. J. Immunol. 127, 2257-2262. 

Lymphocyte response and effector function has recently been reviewed with respect to lymphocyte receptors, lymphocyte activation, T cell effector functions and lymphocyte physiology. The role of cell surface... 

Janeway, C.A. and Golstein, P. (1993). Lymphocyte activation and effector functions. The role of cell surface molecules. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 5, 313-323. 

LAD Leucocyte adhesion deficiency LAK Lymphocyte-activated killer (cell) LAM, LAM-1 Leucocyte adhesion molecule, -1... 

IL-1 Macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells, B lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes Stimulates fibroblasts and chondrocytes to release matrix metalloproteinases... 

Bishop GA, Haxhinasto SA, Stunz LL, Hostager BS. Antigen-specific B-lymphocyte activation. Crit Rev Immunol 2003 23 149-197. 

Lundy SK, Lira SA, Smit JJ, Cook DN, Berlin AA, Lukacs NW. Attenuation of allergen-induced responses in CCR6 / mice is dependent upon altered pulmonary T lymphocyte activation. J Immunol 2005 174(4) 2054—2060. 

Integrins themselves are found on nearly all cells and mediate several physiological responses, such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Three families of integrins, each family with a common beta subunit in combination with distinct alpha subunits, have been recognized. The beta 1 family, also called very late lymphocyte-activation antigen or VLA, has receptors mediating extracellular matrix interactions with molecules such as collagen, laminin, and fibronectin. Naturally, platelets contain many of the receptors of the beta 1 family. 

Hogaboam, C.M., Snider, D.P. and Collins, S.M. (1997) Cytokine modulation of T-lymphocyte activation by intestinal smooth muscle cells. Gastroenterology 112, 1986-1995. 

Deehan, M.R., Frame, M.J., Parkhouse, R.M., Seatter, S.D., Reid, S.D., Harnett, M.M. and Harnett, W. (1998) A phosphorylcholine-containing filarial nematode-secreted product disrupts B lymphocyte activation by targeting key proliferative signaling pathways. Journal of Immunology 160, 2692-2699. 

As a consequence of the various approaches adopted in naming and classifying cytokines, it is hardly surprising to note that many are known by more that one name. IL-1, for example, is also known as lymphocyte activating factor (LAF), endogenous pyrogen, leukocyte endogenous mediator, catabolin and mononuclear cell factor. This has led to even further confusion in this field. 

IL-l is also known as lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF), endogenous pyrogen and catabolin. It displays a wide variety of biological activities and has been appraised clinically in several trials. 

Rat 50 or 150 mg/kg ration After 6 weeks altered immune function as evidenced by inhibition of T-lymphocyte activity 11... 

T-lymphocyte activation leads to release of cytokines from type 2 T-helper (TH2) cells that mediate allergic inflammation (interleukin [IL] -4, IL-5, and IL-13). Conversely, type 1 T-helper (THj) cells produce IL-2 and interferon-y that are essential for cellular defense mechanisms. Allergic asthmatic inflammation may result from an imbalance between THj and TH2 cells. 

Cho, H.J. et al., Immunostimulatory DNA-based vaccines induce cytotoxic lymphocyte activity by aT-helpcr cel I-independent mechanism, Nat. Biotechnol, 18, 509, 2000. 

Bayer, B.M. et al., Morphine inhibition of lymphocyte activity is mediated by an opioid dependent mechanism, Neuropharmacology, 29, 369, 1990. 

Disparate effects on T-cell proliferative responses have been reported following exposure to JP-8. Significant suppression of T-cell proliferation is reported following either inhalation or dermal exposure to JP-8 [ 18,20,36], while the response is unaffected following either the oral or dermal exposure routes in other studies [66,71,72], These differences may be explained by variations in exposure routes and in assay methodology, as agents used to evaluate T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation were diverse and included Con A plus IL-2 [18,20], anti-CD3 [36], or Con A only [66,71,72],... 

In addition to being able to recognize the different cells involved in the acquired immune system of marine mammals, it is important to assure that the cells perform their functions appropriately. The ability of lymphocytes to proliferate upon stimulation (usually with mitogens) has been studied for several decades [1,12,14,15, 32-35], Recent advances include the demonstration of a conserved specificity for standard mitogens used in beluga whales [32] and harbor seals [33], An assay to assess the expression of the receptor for interleukin-2 (IL-2), an early event in lymphocyte activation, was adapted in harbor seals [35], bottlenose dolphins [36], and sea otters [37], Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of activation of beluga T lymphocytes do not vary substantially from those in other mammals [38],... 

Ehrlich, J.P., Gunnison, A.F., and Burleson, G.R. 1989. Influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity in Fischer 344 rat lungs as a method to assess pulmonary immunocompetence Effect of phosgene inhalation. Inhalation Toxicol. 1 129—138. 

To date, cellular and gene therapy products submitted to FDA have included clinical studies indicated for bone marrow marking, cancer, cystic fibrosis, AIDS, and inborn errors of metabolism and infectious diseases. Of the current active INDs approximately 78% have been sponsored by individual investigators or academic institutions and 22% have also been industry sponsored. In addition to the variety of clinical indications the cell types have also been varied. Examples include tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and lymphocyte activated killer (LAK) cells, selected cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes, for example, stem cells, myoblasts, tumor cells and encapsulated cells (e.g., islet cells and adrenal chromaffin cells). 

Lymphocyte-activating factor enhances activation of T and B cells, NK cells, and macrophages T-cell growth factor stimulates T-cell growth and effector differentiation stimulates B-cell proliferation/differentiation Mast-cell growth factor stimulates... 

Kay, J.E. and Benzie, C.R. (1984). Rapid loss of sensitivity of mitogen-induced lymphocyte activation to inhibition by cyclosporin A. Cell Immunol. 87 217-224. 

Figure 1.7. Lymphocyte activation. When naive lymphocytes first encounter the antigen that is recognised by their receptor, they are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate. This clonal expansion is aided by the production of cytokines. Two cell types develop from this process the effector cells (i.e. either antibody-secreting plasma cells or cytotoxic T cells) and memory cells. Both cell types possess virtually the same receptor that was expressed on the naive lymphocyte.

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