Lymphocyte antigen activated

In the specialized environment of secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, dendritic cells provide the requirements for naive T-lymphocytes to become activated and to proliferate. The professional antigen-presenting cells present peptides in MHC II, express costimulatory molecules, and release cytokines into the immunological synapse, which is formed by the antigen-presenting cell and the naive T-lymphocyte. Thus, cells of innate immunity initiate and facilitate the activation of naive lymphocytes, and it is easily conceivable that their cytokines and adhesion molecules will instruct the naive T-lymphocyte during activation and differentiation to T-effector cells. 

CLL is characterized by small, relatively incompetent B lymphocytes that accumulate in the blood and bone marrow over time. The exact cell of origin is controversial but has been described as an antigen-activated B lymphocyte.3... 

Lymphocytes are of two sizes smaller lymphocytes, with a diameter of 6-8 pm, and larger lymphocytes, with a diameter up to 18 pm. They are found not only in blood, but in lymph and in every tissue of the body. Larger lymphocytes are believed to be cells that differentiate into T and B lymphocytes when activated by specific antigens. The life span of lymphocytes may vary from a few days to many years. Lymphocytes have been suggested as potential carriers for transporting macromolecules, particularly DNA, to other cells. Low molecular weight exogenous substances can be introduced into lymphocytes by electrical breakdown methods. 

Muromonab is a mouse monoclonal antibody against the CD3 receptor of T-lymphocytes. Its activity is based on inhibition of interactions between antigen-presenting cells and T-cells. By preventing antigen presentation it suppresses T-cell activation and proliferation. The indication for muromonab is the treatment of acute graft rejection after kidney, liver and hart transplantations. Its adverse effects consist of those symptoms that are initiated by the release of cytokines and lymphokines as a result of the reaction of muromonab with CD3 positive T-lymphocytes. These symptoms may vary from a mild flu-like syndrome to serious cardiac, pulmonale and neurological reactions. 

Lymphoblast. A morphologically immature lymphocyte an activated lymphocyte that has been transformed in response to antigenic stimulation. 

Mechanism of Action An immunologic agent that interferes with the activation of T-lymphocytes by binding to the lymphocyte antigen, thus reducing the number of circulating T-lymphocytes. Therapeutic Effect Prevents T cells from becoming overactive, which may help reduce symptoms of chronic plaque psoriasis. Pharmacokinetics Half-life 270 hr... 

Section 9 in Current Protocols in Cytometry provides methods and some theory on many flow cytometric functional assays (including those mentioned here and many others). Chapter 20 in Darzynkiewicz is a discussion of methods related to staining lymphocytes for activation antigens. 

Interferes with lymphocyte activation by specifically binding to the lymphocyte antigen CD2, and inhibiting LFA-3/ CD2 interaction... 

In experimental mouse studies, TCDD exposure results in thymic atrophy and alterations in an array of adaptive immune responses including delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, and T-cell-dependent antibody responses. In contrast, TCDD enhances neutrophil recruitment to the site of antigen challenge. Because both cell-mediated and humoral immunity are suppressed by TCDD and related HAHs, it is not surprising that administration of these compounds to mice results in increased susceptibility to challenge with viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases, as well as syngeneic tumors. 

The ai -PI (along with other serum proteinase inhibitors) can attenuate lymphocyte antigen processing by binding to lymphocyte surface proteinases and subsequently down-regulate lymphocyte proliferative response. Therefore, oxidation of ai -PI may activate local immune response in sites of bacterial invasion and contribute to the development of the inflammatory process (B8, B9, S59). On the other hand, oxidative inactivation of some neutrophilic lysosomal enzymes can... 

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