B-lymphocytes activation

IL-1 Macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells, B lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes Stimulates fibroblasts and chondrocytes to release matrix metalloproteinases... 

Bishop GA, Haxhinasto SA, Stunz LL, Hostager BS. Antigen-specific B-lymphocyte activation. Crit Rev Immunol 2003 23 149-197. 

Deehan, M.R., Frame, M.J., Parkhouse, R.M., Seatter, S.D., Reid, S.D., Harnett, M.M. and Harnett, W. (1998) A phosphorylcholine-containing filarial nematode-secreted product disrupts B lymphocyte activation by targeting key proliferative signaling pathways. Journal of Immunology 160, 2692-2699. 

Neron S, Nadeau PJ, Darveau A et al (2011) Tuning of CD40-CD154 interactions in human B-lymphocyte activation a broad array of in vitro models for a complex in vivo situation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 59 25-40... 

Brink, R., Goodnow, C.C., Crosbie, J., Adams, E., Eris, J., Mason, D.Y., Hartley, S.B., Basten, A. (1992). Immunoglobulin M and D antigen receptors are both capable of mediating B lymphocyte activation, deletion, or anergy after interaction with specific antigen. J. Exp. Med. 176,991-1005. 

Exposure to antigens can be by a variety of routes but ultimately the cellular changes leading to B-lymphocyte activation are blood borne. Natural immunization takes place as a consequence of infection through respiratory, digestive, urogenital and skin surfaces. Medical immunization to prevent infection by pathogens is normally... 

The mitogenic pentapeptide 61 S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2 R,S)-propyl]-N-palmito-yl-Cys-Ser-Ser-Asn-Ala (TPP) of Jung et al. 149), which is a component of the lipoprotein from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, also acts as a potent adjuvant and B-lymphocyte activator. 

Burkhardt, A. L., Bmnswick, M., Bolen, J. B., and Mond, J. J. (1991). Anti-immunoglobulin Stimulation of B Lymphocytes Activates src-Related Protein-Tyrosine Kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 7410. 

The p35 subunit of IL-12 is produced by T and B cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages (at least in the mouse). The p40 subunit is produced mainly by B lymphocytes, activated monocytes, and dendritic cells (including epidermal Langerhans cells). Consequently the principal sources of IL-12 are B cells and monocytes and/or macrophages (Figure 22-20). In the brain, microglia-like cells are the primary producers of the p40 transcripts. In contrast, the IL-12 p35 gene is constitutively expressed in the brain at a very low level. ... 

Sugai M, Gonda H, Nambu Y, Yokota Y, Shimizu A. Role of Id proteins in B lymphocyte activation new insights from knockout mouse studies. J Mol Med 2004 82 592-599. 

Mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept) is an immunosuppressant approved for prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients with renal, cardiac, and hepatic transplants. Myco-phenolic acid, the active derivative of mycophenolate mofetil, inhibits the enzyme inosine monophosphatase dehydrogenase (IMPDH), thereby depleting guanosine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. Moreover, mycophenolic acid is a fivefold more potent inhibitor of the type 11 isoform of IMPDH found in activated B- and T-lymphocytes and thus functions as a specific inhibitor of T- and B-lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The drug also may enhance apoptosis. 

Stamenkovic, I., Clark, E.A. and Seed, B. (1989) A B-lymphocyte activation molecule related to the nerve growth factor receptor and induced by cytokines in carcinomas. EMBOJ. 8 1403-1410. 

Thereafter, it was shown that polyelectrolytes trigger immune system response by a mechanism not encoimtered in nature, hi particular, very small amounts of these polyelectrolytes added to a suspension of isolated B-lymphocytes activated DNA synthesis, induced cell fission, and, in the presence of antigens, triggered antigen-dependent differentiation of cells. Thus, the polyelectrolytes actually initiated immime response in B-lymphocyte cell suspension, notably, without the assistance of T-lymphocytes, antigen pre-... 

Bishop, G. A., Y. Hsing, et al. (2000). "Molecular mechanisms of B lymphocyte activation by the immune response modifier R-848." Journal of Immunology 165 5552-5557. 

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