Alternate Solutions

The next step in the selection process is to compare the various materials that satisfy the initial selection criteria. Here, we have to consider the other requirements such as the elastic modulus, density, corrosion resistance, and cost, apart from the yield strength. Elastic modulus value indicates the mast s buckling resistance, which is one of the performance requirements. Table 2.3 gives a list of the materials satisfying the initial selection criteria. 

List of Materials Satisfying Initial Selection Criteria with Performance Requirements 

Material Yield Strength, MPa Elastic Modulus, GPa Specific Gravity Corrosion Resistance Cost  

1—moderately expensive, 2—expensive, 1—very Magd, Mater. Design, 13,323-327,1992. 

Property Specific Yield Strength, MPa Specific Elastic Modulus, GPa Corrosion Resistance Cost 

---

A UV/Vis absorbance detector can also be used if the solute ions absorb ultraviolet or visible radiation. Alternatively, solutions that do not absorb in the UV/Vis range can be detected indirectly if the mobile phase contains a UV/Vis-absorbing species. In this case, when a solute band passes through the detector, a decrease in absorbance is measured at the detector. 

Hydrosulfite may be purchased as a proprietary formulation containing buffering and stabilizing agents, usually as a dry powder, but sometimes as a solution. The powder is pyrophoric and should be kept dry to avoid the possibiHty of fires. Alternatively, solutions of sodium hydrosulfite may be generated on-site by using a purchased solution of sodium borohydride and sodium hydroxide to reduce sulfur dioxide. 

Optimization should be viewed as a tool to aid in decision making. Its purpose is to aid in the selection of better values for the decisions that can be made by a person in solving a problem. To formulate an optimization problem, one must resolve three issues. First, one must have a representation of the artifact that can be used to determine how the artifac t performs in response to the decisions one makes. This representation may be a mathematical model or the artifact itself. Second, one must have a way to evaluate the performance—an objective function—which is used to compare alternative solutions. Third, one must have a method to search for the improvement. This section concentrates on the third issue, the methods one might use. The first two items are difficult ones, but discussing them at length is outside the scope of this sec tion. 

Solution Since the distributor annular space w as capable of handling the vapor flow, the riser was simply blanked off. Adding a hat or relocating the feed pipe w ere possible alternate. solutions. 

Generally, it is rarely possible to satisfy all of the various similarity eriteria in seale-up, espeeially those related to ehemieal and thermal dimensionless groups. An alternative solution is to determine the effeet of eaeh group and perform intermediate seale experiments to determine the effeet of the eritieal groups. 

Note that in this question an alternative solution may be carried out using the creep modulus but this causes slight inaccuracies. 

Tools to apply such a more broad view of a process would pay inherently safer dividends. One tool might include instructions on how to estimate the life cycle cost of proposed alternative solutions. Such a tool is not presently fully developed and available in the public domain. Training to assist in estimating life cycle cost is needed. 

FIG. 2 The xy and a 3D projection of a typical osmotic MD simulation system. The semi-permeable membrane walls are in the yz plane. Periodic boundary conditions automatically generate an infinite pair of walls, infinite in the yz (transverse) directions, with alternating solution and solvent cells, each of thickness half the system width. 

When there is a limitation of the phosphorus content in detergents of 1%, then addition of phosphonates can act as an alternative solution in combination with other polyvalent ion-binding substances. Especially when magnesium is a cause of water hardness the zeoliths can form precipitations. But phosphonates, like hydroxyethanephosphonic acid (HEDP) and ethylenediaminetetra-methylenephosphonic acid (EDTMP), are able to sequester magnesium ions as well. 

Helping the individual to explore the problem, develop alternative solutions and decide which one to implement and how. 

The expert did not reason in a straightforward way from macro to micro, but alternated between different alternative solutions (mats glued together, a single mat, threads, fibres, other materials) and alternative reasoning for finding solutiorrs by considering new relatiorrs between properties and structures. 

Critique the enthalpy calculation in the alternative solution of Example 7.16 that is based on Equation (7.45) rather than Equation (7.42). 

New product concepts are tested against the baseline to check whether there is a genuine improvement or not and can be plotted in the form of a spider-diagram (Figure 3.5). This allows alternative solutions to be easily compared, and specifically highlights the trade-offs that have to be made. It may not be possible to ensure that a new idea has a lower or equal impact on every dimension to the existing solution. There may be a price to pay on one dimension to secure a range of benefits on other dimensions. 

Encourage flexibility in thinking about alternative solutions to problems. Perhaps it might be possible to develop a set of open-ended problems, much like the case-study approach used so effectively by business schools. 

---