Governmental control

In 1938 a new law, the Federal Food, Dmg, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (18), which instituted several new and important practices, was enacted. Fkst, it clearly stated that, henceforth, the use of any uncertified coal-tar color in any food, dmg, or cosmetic shipped in interstate commerce was stricdy forbidden. This restriction appHed regardless of the inherent toxicity of the colorant. In effect, the colorants that could be used were limited, certification became mandatory, and governmental control was extended to the coloring of dmgs and cosmetics. Next, it created three categories of coal-tar colors ... 

If certain NBC-OD are not available from local manufactures and must be imported there are two alternative solutions to establish a manufacturing facility (or a pharmacy laboratory) supported with government funds or the establishment of a central agency for import and distribution of antidotes, under governmental control. The decision depends on the economical and technological capabilities. 

The industry and its trade associations have been late to realize that they must address social needs in order to prevent the balance of power shifting to governmental control. As a result, the industry is expanding its scope of CSR beyond the traditional environment and employee health and safety areas. The majority of firms have a long history of product donations through patient assistance programs. Notably, PhRMA reports that the value of free medications was US 10.5 billion in the U.S. in 2003. 

To the extent feasible, this should include all chemicals to which humans are routinely exposed. New chemicals should be tested before they are put into large-scale production. In most cases, the outcomes of such tests will be sufficient to support industrial or governmental control. 

In the United States, the regulatory environment allowing the development of drug safety evaluation as a distinct discipline began with the Food and Drug Act of 1906. This act provided governmental control over food contaminants, but provided no authority to ensure the safety of new drugs. 

Most reports of adverse effects associated with herbal remedies relate to Chinese herbal medicines (82). This is an issue of growing concern, particularly because in many Western countries the popularity of Chinese herbalism is increasing. This is happening in the almost complete absence of governmental control (83) or of systematic research into the potential hazards of Chinese herbal formulations (84). 

OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is part of a third larger governmental control structure, which has many other components. For simplicity, only OSHA is shown and considered in the example analysis. 

It seems that the settlement of the problem to avert emergency situations and to ensure ecological safety during the elimination of CW dumps would be most reasonably organised in two stages and under the supervision of an inter-governmental control body consisting of representatives of the Baltic states, Russia and other developed countries, participants of the Chemical Weapons Convention... 

X-rays themselves pose a particular health hazard, and although a significant number of accidents did occur with earlier spectrometers, there is now strict governmental control over equipment design and acceptable dose levels. When correctly employed, the modem spectrometer is probably less of a radiation health hazard than the average color television receiver. Nevertheless, equipment must be used with proper precautions and a separate chapter of this text is devoted to this area. 

The French ARP measures were also quickly developed, but the approach differed from that pursued in Britain with more emphasis upon collective protection and the defence of the capital. By the end of 1938 the warden organisation was complete. Public shelters were constructed at various points in the Paris Metro. Some 60 000 cellars were passed as reasonable shelters, and an evacuation scheme was prepared for Paris. The manufacture and sale of respirators to the public was under strict governmental control and the standard of efficiency of filtration units was subjected to stringent regulations. Yet the standard of civilian instruction and training seemed less than satisfactory to British observers it certainly paled by comparison with the German Air Defence League which had 13 million members. 

Health care is a major portion of a nation s economy. The extent of governmental control varies, but in most countries, national, state, and local governments share control. Because women make up roughly half of the population, women s health care has a major impact on industry. Any health care delivery system must be cognizant of women s needs. 

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