Local manufacturing capabilities

Demand for nonwoven roll goods currently exceeds local capacity by 50%. Growth, particularly in China, has seen expansion of local manufacturing capabilities. In North America, Western Europe, and Japan, damand for nonwovens is expected to increase at 3-5%/year through 2006. 

This demonstrated purposive application of political will and policy infrastructure, associated with sustained local manufacturing capabilities, to meet a pressing health and social need. 

If certain NBC-OD are not available from local manufactures and must be imported there are two alternative solutions to establish a manufacturing facility (or a pharmacy laboratory) supported with government funds or the establishment of a central agency for import and distribution of antidotes, under governmental control. The decision depends on the economical and technological capabilities. 

Lead factories are located in regions with local technological resources to build strategic manufacturing capabilities. They usually are the sole or major production resource for certain products and components in the company s production network. 

Develop local capability to produce essential drugs, vaccines and dressings and to reduce the dependence on imports by offering suitable incentives to firms which are engaged in the local manufacture, research and development of drugs. 

As usual requirement in the developing countries, maximal utilization of locally available materials, manufacturing capabilities mid readily made products, as well as Indonesian nationals for labour, skilled workers and supervisory services are encouraged for the construction, operation and maintenance works, as far as they meet the specified quality. Indonesian companies are encouraged to participate and take die transfer of technology. But in the case where the plant would operate under a BOO scheme, in which the Independent Power Producer (IPP) alone would own the floating module of nuclear... 

Despite the deteriorating industrial and economic conditions, however. Plus 5 Pharmaceuticals was established in 1996. The start-up used venture capital funding (UNIDO, 2007 2011b), a testament to Zimbabwe s financial system s capability at the time, despite deindustrialization, and also to the continuing vibrancy of the pharmaceutical sector. The country continued to rely on locally manufactured medicines (Turshen, 2001), and Zimbabwe appears to have sustained some alignment of industrial and health policy goals through this tumultuous period. 

Yet even in this era, aligned industry, health and social development policies did create some positive feedback mechanisms, enhancing local manufacturers innovative capabilities. This environment was instrumental in the country being one of the first in Africa to locally manufacture anti-retroviral medicines (ARVs) to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic (Banda, 2013). As Chapter 15 describes, in 2002 Zimbabwe issued a compulsory licence allowing its local manufacturers to produce ARVs. 

This section draws on various soirrces, including firm interview data, in order to give an assessment of the Kenyan technological capabilities in the local production of pharmaceuticals. The technological capabilities of the Kenyan domestic pharmaceutical sector are analysed by looking at various dimensions of the production system in which local manufacturers of pharmaceutical operate. 

To what extent are these different patterns of local purchasing summarized in Table 8.1 generated from the health sector side, from the manufacturing capabilities side, and from effective institutional cross-sector interaction We begin by examining in turn the public, donor, nonprofit and private purchasing practices and their implications for health system capability and willingness to purchase effectively and economically from local suppliers. 

As Table 8.1 showed, MEDS was buying a high proportion of their basic essential medicines from local manufacturers. This success in local purchasing reflected a strong capability for local procurement built up over a number of years.In contrast to the Kenyan public wholesaler, MEDS issues only local tenders for medicines and supplies, with no direct importing. Two local tenders a year go only to MEDS s pre-quali-fied supplier pool of local manufactmers and distributors. 

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