Pigment application

Table 10. Furnace Process Special Grades for Pigment Applications in Inks, Plastics, Paints, and Paper...

In addition to pigment applications, azo dyes are also used in medicinal chemistry. Sulfanilamide, the metabolite of an azo dye, has antibacterial properties [4]. 

Acetal formation, microwaves in, 76 557 Acetalization, of PVA, 25 602-603 Acetal polymerization, 74 271 Acetal resins, 70 183-185 Acetal resins, formaldehyde in, 72 122 Acetals, 2 64 70 529 aroma chemicals, 3 253 inorganic pigment applications, 7 372t organic pigment applications, 7 368t typical soluble dye applications, 7 376t Acetaminophen, 4 701. See also AT-Acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen)... 

Certain areas of pigment application in the printing ink industry challenge the performance of a pigment more severely than others. To be useful in inks for food cans, for instance, the inside coatings must be capable of being sterilized with steam without degradation. For bank notes, currency, and cheques, special security properties are needed. 

Printing on textiles is one of the major areas of pigment application and is usually considered separately from the graphics industry. Requirements to be met by pigments for this purpose depend especially on the expected performance of the final article, the printed textile (Sec. 1.6.2.4). 

P.R.2 does not show perfect performance in special applications (Sec. 1.6.2.3) in prints, which is also true for a number of other members of this class. In this respect, P.R.2 is inferior to P.R.112. This may have a particular impact on marginal areas of pigment applicability. P.R.112 letterpress proof prints, for instance, tolerate mineral spirits and soap while P.R.2 prints only reach step 4 on the 5 step fastness scale. P.R.2 specimens are also sensitive to clear lacquer coatings and to sterilization. 

Commercially available P.O.46 types are usually quite transparent. They are employed primarily in packaging printing inks, also in offset and metal deco printing. Publication gravure inks, plastics, especially PVC, LDPE, and elastomers, as well as general industrial paints are suitable media for pigment application. P.O.46 is less solvent resistant than P.R.53 1, but it is faster to alkali and acid. In terms of lightfastness, P.O.46 performs poorly 1/3 and 1/25 SD prints equal only step 1 on the Blue Scale. 

There are various methods of stabilizing a pigment in order to prevent conversion to a different phase, i.e., change of modification, and flocculation during pigment application. The two following techniques have been found to be most effective ... 

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