China demand

Pentynoic acid, 5 34t People. See also Personnel investment in, 21 624 organizational ties to, 21 627-628 People s Republic of China. See also China demand for oil in, 23 530 oil recovery program in, 23 534 Pepper, pipeline levels in, 23 159 Peptide antibiotics, 18 252-253. See also Antimicrobial peptides Peptide backbone hydrogen bonds, in proteins, 20 826 Peptide mapping, 3 840-841 Peptide nucleic acids, 17 631-634... 

Since the mid-1990s, China dedicated itself to increasing its processing capacity. They shifted domestic policy to favor soybean meal for livestock feed, and soybean oil for human consumption. This policy causes China to import large quantities of soybeans, mostly from Brazil and the United States, to fuel its growing processing industry. Chinas demand combined with Brazil s relatively small-animal industry resulted in Brazil exporting 73% of the soybeans it produces (production + a small amount of imports), 48% in the form of meal and 52% as raw soybeans. 

Clinoptilolite with the simplified formula (Na,K)6Si3oAle072 nH20 is the most common natural zeolite found mainly in sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin. Such deposits aroused strong commercial interest because clinoptilolite tuffs are often rather pure and can be mined with simple techniques. Approximately 25 years ago ca. 300,000 tons of zeolitic tuff were mined per year [1]. In 1997 ca. 3.6 Mio tons of natural zeolites (mainly clinoptilolite and chabazite) were worldwide produced [2], ca. 2/3 alone were stoped in China. Demand for natural zeolites has increased rapidly over the past decade, particularly in agricultural applications. Growth rates as high as 10% per year are forecasted [2]. 

With the rapid development of economy, China demands more and more iron ores for the iron and steel industry. China has rich iron ore resources, but 97% of them are below 30% in iron grade, many are refractory and unutilized [1], therefore large quantities of imported iron ores are in a desperate need. China imported 686 million tons of iron ore in 201 l(data from the China Customs), accounting for nearly 60% of the total consumption. To guarantee the healthy development of iron and steel industry, domestic refractory iron ores have to be utilized both economically and environmentally. 

Market forces determine the demand for a product, and the demand will be used to forecast the sales of hydrocarbons. This will be one of the factors considered by some governments when setting the production targets for the oil company. For example, much of the gas produced in the South China Sea is liquefied and exported by tanker to Japan for industrial and domestic use the contract agreed with the Japanese purchaser will drive the production levels set by the National Oil Company. 

Sodium Hydroxide. Before World War 1, nearly all sodium hydroxide [1310-93-2], NaOH, was produced by the reaction of soda ash and lime. The subsequent rapid development of electrolytic production processes, resulting from growing demand for chlorine, effectively shut down the old lime—soda plants except in Eastern Europe, the USSR, India, and China. Recent changes in chlorine consumption have reduced demand, putting pressure on the price and availabiHty of caustic soda (NaOH). Because this trend is expected to continue, there is renewed interest in the lime—soda production process. EMC operates a 50,000 t/yr caustic soda plant that uses this technology at Green River it came onstream in mid-1990. Other U.S. soda ash producers have aimounced plans to constmct similar plants (1,5). 

World demand for hydrazine solutions is about 31,000 t N2H4, excluding Eastern Europe, Russia, and mainland China. The demand is ne ady... 

Japan and China. During the 1980s, acetylene demand in Japan suffered a significant decline. Chemical use declined from over 100,000 to 42,000 t, acetylene black production declined from 20,000 to less than 10,000 t, and industrial use went from 42,000 to 30,000 t. Thus, based on 1990 estimates, Japan has an excess capacity for acetylene production with capabiUties for 247, 000 t/yr and a demand of only 82,000 t. 

Very Htde data are readily available on China s supply and demand situation. It is known, however, that they rely almost entirely on calcium carbidey for acetylene production and that there are numerous low capacity plants, a situation that is probably not too different from that of Japan. 

The wodd reserves of lead are estimated at 71 x 10 t and scattered around the wodd (1). Over one-third (25 x 10 t) of this total is located in North America where the United States has, in units of 10 t, 14 Canada, 7 Mexico, 3 and other sources, 1. South America has 2 Europe, 11 Africa, 4 and Austraha, 14 X 10 t. In Asia, the former Soviet Union has 9 and the People s RepubHc of China has 6 x 10 t. The recovery of lead from scrap is of prime importance in supplying U.S. demands so that the entire reserve base is estimated at 120 x 10 t. Total wodd resources are estimated at 1.4 x 10 t. 

In the early 1980s mine capacity approached a level of 136,000 t/yr Mo, far more than demand. Several mines have since closed. As of the early 1990s total molybdenum capacity remained well above total demand of about 90,000 t/yr. Estimated 1993 production in units of metric ton of molybdenum was in Armenia, 450 t in Canada, 10,000 t in Chile, 15,000 t in China, 16,000 t in Iran, 1,400 t in Kazakhstan, 1,400 t in Mexico, 1,800 t in MongoHa, 1,400 t in Pern, 2,700 t in Russia, 5,000 t in Uzbekistan, 900 t and in the United States, 37,000 t. 

Gymene. Methyhsopropylben2ene [25155-15-1] can be produced over a number of different acid catalysts by alkylation of toluene with propylene (63—66). Although the demand for cymene is much lower than for cumene, one commercial plant was started up in 1987 at the Yan Shan Petrochemical Company in the People s RepubHc of China. The operation of this plant is based on SPA technology offered by UOP for cumene. The cymene is an intermediate for the production of y -cresol (3-methylphenol) [108-59-4]. 

The demand for sihcon in the 1990s has exceeded the installed Western world capacity. The difference has been supplemented by shipments from China, the Ukraine, and Russia. In 1993, Chinese exports reached 117,000 t, whereas exports from Ukraine and Russia were around 40,000 t (19). In 1995, the exports from China increased to 155,000 t, whereas the exports from the CIS (former USSR) countries declined. The sihcon metal shipped from these countries has been high in iron and calcium and has been used primarily in the secondary aluminum market. 

Ferrosilicon Supply and Demand. Western world production of ferrosihcon amounted to 1,120,000 metric tons of contained sihcon in 1993, the equivalent of 1,500,000 t of 75% ferrosihcon. The Western world production has fahen by almost one-fourth since the all-time peak recorded in 1989. The main reason for this drop has been the rise in ferrosihcon exports from China, Eastern Europe, and other CIS countries. 

Among the most important changes affecting the sulfur industry during the early 1990s were those that occurred in Eastern Europe and Asia, especially in China and India. As demand for food and fertilizers increased in Asia, so did the demand for sulfur. 

Instant tea is manufactured in the United States, Japan, Kenya, Chile, Sri Lanka, India, and China. Production and consumption in the United States is greater than in the rest of the world. World production capacity of instant teas depends on market demand but is in the range of 8,000 to 11,000 t/yr (3). The basic process for manufacture of instant tea as a soluble powder from dry tea leaf includes extraction, concentration, and drying. In practice, the process is considerably more compHcated because of the need to preserve the volatile aroma fraction, and produce a product which provides color yet is soluble in cold water, all of which are attributes important to iced tea products (88). 

Total smelter output in the United States has been growing steadily since 1982 because of the growth in antimony oxide production. Primary antimony metal output has decreased since the 1970s because of the falling demand for antimony metal, and the availabihty of low cost metal from China. 

The demand for arsenic metal is limited. The 1990 U.S. requirement for metallic arsenic was supphed by the People s Repubhc of China. Arsenic was formerly supphed domestically (1974—1986) by ASARCO Inc., which dismantled its operation because of economic and environmental pressures, and by imports from Bohden Metah, Sweden, which suspended production in late 1987 because of the low price offered by China. 

Chen Y, Zhang D, Sun Y, Liu X, Wang N, Savenije HHG (2005) Water demand management A case study of the Heihe River Basin in China. Phys Chem Earth 30 (6-7 spec, iss.) 408 19... 

Amp K. Chandra, New Technology Development and Implication for Rubber Demand, Paper presented at Rubber Tire Asia/China Markets 2006—Conference, Shanghai, China, 28 Febmary-1 March, 2006. 

In India the demand for organic products (spices, medicinal herbs, essential oils, pulses, etc.) has outstripped supply (Sathyan-arayana, 2000). In China the estimated value of exported organic... 

Kotschi (2000) was concerned that the standards and demand for organic products were dominated by the wealthy northern countries. He recognised that there was a booming international market for organic food and textiles. The green tea from China, coffee from Mexico and cotton from Tanzania are exported to wealthy people in Europe, North America and Japan. 

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