Liquid lithium

In some metal components it is possible to form oxides and carbides, and in others, especially those with a relatively wide solid solubility range, to partition the impurity between the solid and the liquid metal to provide an equilibrium distribution of impurities around the circuit. Typical examples of how thermodynamic affinities affect corrosion processes are seen in the way oxygen affects the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels in sodium and lithium environments. In sodium systems oxygen has a pronounced effect on corrosion behaviour whereas in liquid lithium it appears to have less of an effect compared with other impurities such as C and Nj. According to Casteels Li can also penetrate the surface of steels, react with interstitials to form low density compounds which then deform the surface by bulging. For further details see non-metal transfer. 

However, the reaction rate of LiA.Cn depends on the lithium concentration at the surface of the carbon particles, which is limited by the rather slow transport kinetics of lithium from the bulk to the surface LI7-19, 39]. As the melting point of metallic lithium is low (-180 °C) there is some risk of melting of lithium under abuse conditions such as short-circuiting, followed by a sudden breakdown of the SEI and a violent reaction of liquid lithium... 

The continuous monitoring of liquid lithium for O, C, H and H uses electrochemical cells based on Tho2-Y203 electrolytes and diffusion meters. No continuous method for N analysis is yet available . ... 

Lithium reacts with copper powder in a copper crucible at 200°C to yield yellow mixed crystals of the variable-phase LiCu4, whose formulation represents a maximum content of Li. A crystalline LiCu4 product is observed on copper surfaces exposed to liquid lithium. ... 

See Oxygen (Gas) Metal hydrides Oxygen (Liquid) Lithium hydride... 

Liquid-liquid solvent extraction, 21 399 Liquid lithium, 15 131 Liquid low density polyethylene, 20 205 Liquid lubricants, for extreme environments, 15 256 Liquid lubricated system, coefficient of friction in, 15 209 Liquid magnesium, 15 336 Liquid manometers, 20 646-647 Liquid MDI, 25 462. See also MDI [4,4 -methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)] Liquid melamine resins, 15 773 Liquid membrane extraction, 10 766 Liquid membranes, 15 800, 814-815 supported, 16 28... 

Lithium secondary batteries can be classified into three types, a liquid type battery using liquid electrolytes, a gel type battery using gel electrolytes mixed with polymer and liquid, and a solid type battery using polymer electrolytes. The types of separators used in different types of secondary lithium batteries are shown in Table 1. The liquid lithium-ion cell uses microporous polyolefin separators while the gel polymer lithium-ion cells either use a PVdF separator (e.g. PLION cells) or PVdF coated microporous polyolefin separators. The PLION cells use PVdF loaded with silica and plasticizer as separator. The microporous structure is formed by removing the plasticizer and then filling with liquid electrolyte. They are also characterized as plasticized electrolyte. In solid polymer lithium-ion cells, the solid electrolyte acts as both electrolyte and separator. 

The solid polymer electrolyte approach provides enhanced safety, but the poor ambient temperature conductivity excludes their use for battery applications. which require good ambient temperature performance. In contrast, the liquid lithium-ion technology provides better performance over a wider temperature range, but electrolyte leakage remains a constant risk. Midway between the solid polymer electrolyte and the liquid electrolyte is the hybrid polymer electrolyte concept leading to the so-called gel polymer lithium-ion batteries. Gel electrolyte is a two-component system, viz., a polymer matrix... 

The liquid lithium anode is held in a stainless steel case or nickel fibre pleated wick, and chlorine gas is fed under pressure from external storage... 

Sodium melts at 98°C and therefore many of the materials problems experienced with the handling of liquid lithium might be expected to occur in the development of high temperature sodium batteries. However, the... 

Lithium hydride is formed by first reducing a lithium compound to lithium and then contacting liquid lithium metal with hydrogen above the melting point of lithium hydride... 

Fig. 14.7. Comparison between solid and liquid lithium sputtering by a helium ion beam at 45° incidence angle (from [22]). The sputtered particle flux is comprised af about 2/3 sputtered ions and 1/3 sputtered neutral atoms...

In conjunction with these measurements of hydrogen retention in liquid lithium the release rate of the trapped hydrogen back out of the solution was measured [57]. The recombination rate from the liquid surface was determined to agree well with models that had been developed for solid surfaces [58]. The... 

Freedman, J. F., and W. D. Robertson Electrical Resistivity of Liquid Sodium, Liquid Lithium and Dilute Sodium Solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 34, 769—780 (1961). 

The gas species over solutions of hydrogen in liquid lithium were detected by mass spectrometric analysis of the saturated vapor effusing from a Knudsen cell. From the measurements of the gaseous equilibria... 

Liquid metal walls in ICF reactors will become contaminated with target debris. In addition to posing compatibility problems, these contaminants affect pumping power, pump life, and radioactive inventory. Thus, methods of removing contaminants, particularly high-Z elements, from liquid lithium are required. For example, no economical method to remove Pb to below 1 a/o (23 w/o) in Li has been devised. 

HYLIFE Safety Engineering. In order for an accident in a liquid lithium cooled fusion reactor to endanger the general public, the accident must involve large scale reaction of hot molten lithium with air, water, or concrete. Further, the reaction heat must be coupled to radioactive components either directly in the flame, or indirectly via heated gas. Therefore, fusion reactor designers try to preclude even a remote possibility that such reactions and heat transfer can take place. 

These pressures correspond to tritium concentrations of 2900 and 14,000 wppm (Figure 15) or to a tritium inventory in a 1630 m liquid lithium blanket of 2300 to 11,000 kg. (The pressure-concentration relationship shown in Figure 15 is that of Ref. 16.) If the low pressure side is liquid sodium cold trapped to 4 mPa (3 x 10 Torr), the high pressure side... 

If a much larger area heat exchanger is used, considerable improvement is possible. For example, if the 25,600 m heat exchanger has its tubes reduced in radius and coiled, perhaps 100 times more area could result. Using the 0.65 ran thick TH Cr-1 Mo, and cold trapped NaK on the secondary side results in a primary tritium pressure of 0.12 mPa or 8.7 x 10 Torr (29 wppm or 23 kg in a 1630 m liquid lithium blanket). 

Ihle, H. R. Wu, C. H. "Experimental Determination of the Partial Pressures of D2, LiD, and Li2D in Equilibrium With Dilute Solutions of Deuterium in Liquid Lithium" ... 

Ratsuta, H. Ishigai, T. Furukuwa, K. "Equilibrium Pressure and Solubility of Hydrogen in Liquid Lithium" Nucl. Tech. 1977, 32. 

Veleckis, E. Yonco, R. M. Maroni, V. A. "Solubility of Lithium Deuteride in Liquid Lithium" J. Less-Common Metals, 1977, 55. 

Calaway, W. F. "Electrochemical Extraction of Itydrogen From Molten LiF-LiCl-LiBr and its Application to Liquid-Lithium Fusion Reactor Blanket Processing" Nucl. Tech., 1978, 39, 63. 

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