Lithium phosphates

McKillop and associates have examined the electrophoretic separation of alkylpyridines by CZE. Separations were carried out using either 50-pm or 75-pm inner diameter capillaries, with a total length of 57 cm and a length of 50 cm from the point of injection to the detector. The run buffer was a pH 2.5 lithium phosphate buffer. Separations were achieved using an applied voltage of 15 kV. The electroosmotic flow velocity, as measured using a neutral marker, was found to be 6.398 X 10 cm s k The diffusion coefficient,... 

In this process, the fine powder of lithium phosphate used as catalyst is dispersed, and propylene oxide is fed at 300°C to the reactor, and the product, ahyl alcohol, together with unreacted propylene oxide is removed by distihation (25). By-products such as acetone and propionaldehyde, which are isomers of propylene oxide, are formed, but the conversion of propylene oxide is 40% and the selectivity to ahyl alcohol reaches more than 90% (25). However, ahyl alcohol obtained by this process contains approximately 0.6% of propanol. Until 1984, ah ahyl alcohol manufacturers were using this process. Since 1985 Showa Denko K.K. has produced ahyl alcohol industriahy by a new process which they developed (6,7). This process, which was developed partiy for the purpose of producing epichlorohydrin via ahyl alcohol as the intermediate, has the potential to be the main process for production of ahyl alcohol. The reaction scheme is as fohows ... 

Isomerization and Hydrogenolysis. lsomeri2ation of propylene oxide to propionaldehyde and acetone occurs over a variety of catalysts, eg, pumice, siUca gel, sodium or potassium alum, and 2eohtes (80,81). Stronger acid catalysts favor acetone over propionaldehyde (81). AHyl alcohol yields of 90% are obtained from use of a supported lithium phosphate catalyst (82). 

Allyl alcohol is produced by the catalytic isomerization of propylene oxide at approximately 280°C. The reaction is catalyzed with lithium phosphate. A selectivity around 98% could be obtained at a propylene oxide conversion around 25% ... 

We calculate the solubility of lithium phosphate, s, as a molarity. We then use the solubility equation to (1) relate the concentrations of the ions and (2) write the Ksp expression. 

Lithium oxide(s), 15 134, 141 Lithium perchlorate, 3 417 15 141-142 dessicant, 3 360 in lithium cells, 3 459 Lithium peroxide, 15 142 18 393 Lithium phosphate, 15 142 Lithium-polymer cells, 3 551 in development, 3 43 It Lithium primary cells, 3 459-466 Lithium production, 9 640 Lithium products, sales of, 15 121 Lithium salts, 15 135-136, 142 Lithium secondary cells, 3 549-551 ambient temperature, 3 541-549 economic aspects, 3 551-552 high temperature, 3 549-551 Lithium silicate glass-ceramics, 12 631-632... 

Moriguti T, Nakamura E (1993) Precise lithium isotope analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry using lithium phosphate as an ion source. Proc Japan Acad Sci 69B 123-128 Moriguti T, Nakamura E (1998a) High-yield lithium separation and precise isotopic analysis for natural rock and aqueous samples. Chem Geol 145 91-104... 

In the PO route, PO is isomerized to allyl alcohol in the presence of a lithium phosphate catalyst. 

On the basis of their previous experiences with lithium borates coordinated by substituted ligands. Barthel and co-workers modified the chelatophos-phate anion by placing various numbers of fluorines on the aromatic ligands. Table 13 lists these modified salts and their major physical properties. As expected, the introduction of the electron-with-drawing fluorines did promote the salt dissociation and reduce the basicity of phosphate anion, resulting in increased ion conductivity and anodic stability. The phosphate with the perfluorinated aromatic ligands showed an anodic decomposition limit of 4.3 V on Pt in EC/DEC solution. So far. these modified lithium phosphates have attracted only academic interest, and their future in lithium ion cell applications remains to be determined by more detailed studies. 

The rearrangements of 3-methylbut-l-ene oxides" and l,2-epoxybut-3-ene on lithium phosphate have been studied, and a detailed theoretical study of the rearrangement of allene oxide (342) to cyclopropanone (344), which shows that the transformation proceeds via an intermediate oxyallyl (343), has been presented. It has been shown that aldehydes, ketones, and cyclic ethers are all produced... 

Figure 3.7 Determination of the enantiomeric purity of SB-214857 API using CD-modified CE. Distomer content measured at 0.06% by area. (Conditions plain fused silica capillary, 50 cm effective length, 57 cm total length, 75 pm i.d. buffer lithium phosphate [pH 3.0, 100 mM] containing 0.05% (w/v) hydroxyethy[cellulose and 1.5 mM dimethyl- 8-CD voltage 30 kV temperature 20°C detection UV at 200 nm sample preparation 0.2 mg/ml in water sample introduction 5 s at 35 mbar, capillary inlet at anode.)...

In 1880 C. Schiapparelli and G. Peroni showed that lithium also occurs m normal human urine (68). Alexandre Desgrez (1863-1940) and J. Meumer showed in 1927 that human bones and teeth contain lithium phosphate (69, 70). 

The lower reactivity of benzaldehyde with respect to acetaldehyde was found also in the vapour phase aldolisation over lithium phosphate [390]. Over the same catalyst, the reactivity order in the self-condensations of aldehydes could be estimated as CH3CHO > CH3CH2CHO (CH3)2-CHCHO. The reactivity of isobutyraldehyde in the self-condensation was almost undetectable, probably due to steric hindrance on the a-carbon, but this substance was able to react as a hydrogen acceptor with cyclohexanone. With propionaldehyde over a calcium hydroxide catalyst, a Cannizzaro-type reaction occurred to some extent simultaneously with the aldolisation [390]. This unexpected result was also recorded by other authors [391], who established that the tendency to aldolisation decreased, and the tendency to the Cannizzaro reaction increased, with... 

A recent publication by Durden and co-workers1 27 describes the lithium phosphate-catalyzed addition of carbon oxysullide to ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and eydoiiHjnne oxide. Although final prodnd-s... 

H. N. Stokes prepared lithium monamidophosphate, as a crystalline powder, by precipitation from a soln. of the potassium salt on the addition of a lithium salt. When boiled with water, it furnishes lithium phosphate. He also made sodium monamidophosphate, (NH2)PO(ONa)2, by the action of sodium hydroxide on vol. vrn. 2 z... 

Another process is isomerization of propylene oxide in the presence of a catalyst (lithium phosphate, Li3P04). 

Chromium(m) in lithium phosphate glass appears to be octahedrally co-ordinated and the value of peff (3.2 BM) suggests that some exchange interaction between the metal centres occurs in this medium.147 Polymeric complexes of chromium(m)... 

Sodium phosphate solution partial precipitation of lithium phosphate, Li3P04, in neutral solutions the precipitate is more readily obtained from dilute solutions on boiling. Precipitation is almost complete in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution. The precipitate is more soluble in ammonium chloride solution than in water (distinction from magnesium). 

Extraction of HemiceUuloses from Various Pulps. The extraction procedure followed was that of Giertz and McPherson (6). Fifteen grams of unaged pulps [four kinds in all bleached kraft pulp (BP), unbleached kraft pulp (UBP), unbleached groundwood pulp (GP), and chlorited UBP] was treated with 290 mL of 10.9 lithium hydroxide solution for 1 h at room temperature and was stirred intermittently (see Table I for the characteristics of the pulps). After the samples were diluted to about 1 L, the insoluble material was filtered off. The extract (filtrate) was neutralized to pH 6 with 2 M phosphoric acid (300 mL) and was allowed to stand overnight. The precipitated lithium phosphate and /3-cellulose were separated by filtration. The filtrate was then concentrated to about 175 mL under reduced pressure at 30-40 °C. Salts present in the system were further precipitated with methanol and separated by filtration. The filtrate was again concentrated to about 60 mL. The filter paper was immersed into this concentrate to saturate the test sheets. 

Figure 7.25. A. chemical shifts for a series of sodium phosphate glass compositions compared with those of known tetrahedral phosphate units. From Brow et al. (1990). B. P chemical shifts for a series of sodium lithium phosphate glasses as a function of the mixed alkali ratio.

This simple relationship between the Li shifts and Li coordination number has been found not to hold for crystalline lithium phosphates, indicating that other factors must be taken into account (Alam et al. 1999). By analogy with Na NMR (Chapter 7), Alam et al. (1999) sought a relationship between the Li shift and the average degree of polymerisation in the phosphate tetrahedra as reflected by the number of non-bridging... 

Figure 10.3. A. Relationship between the Li chemical shift of lithium silicates and aluminosilicates and the Li coordination number (CN). The open circles indicate the probable peak assignments of Li4Si04, crosses indicate the hypothesized LiOf, and LiOg sites in Li-substituted beryl, with all other samples indicated by +. From Xu and Stebbins (1995), with permission of the copyright owners. B. Relationship between the Li chemical shift and the chemical shift parameter A (defined by equation 7.7, Chapter 7) for crystalline lithium phosphates (solid circles) and crystalline Li4Si04 (open circles). From Alam et al. (1999), by permission of Elsevier Science.

Both Li and Li MAS NMR has been used to investigate the local Li coordination environment in a series of binary lithium phosphate glasses (Alam et al. 1999). The Li chemical shifts, which approximate closely to the isotropic chemical shifts, increase... 

Fig. 20 P Li REDOR curves of lithium phosphate glasses with composition (Li20)x(P205)i x (0.1

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