Lithium cells secondary

Advanced Systems. Apphcations for the coin and button secondary lithium cells is limited. However, researchers are working to develop practical "AA"-sized and larger cells. Several systems have reached advanced stages of development. 

Kanehori K, Matsumoto K, Miyauchi K, Kudo T (1983) Thin film solid electrolyte and its application to secondary Lithium cell. Solid State Ionics 9-10 1445-1448 Py MA, Haering RR (1983) Structural destabilization induced by lithium intercalation in M0S2 and related compounds. Can J Phys 61 76-84... 

Bath towels (terry), number produced from one bale of cotton, 8 133t Bathtub failure rate, 26 988 Batik printing, 9 219 Batteries, 3 407-434. See also Alkaline cells Carbon-zinc cells Lead-acid batteries Lithium cells Primary batteries Secondary batteries chromium application, 6 565 cobalt applications, 7 247... 

Lithium oxide(s), 15 134, 141 Lithium perchlorate, 3 417 15 141-142 dessicant, 3 360 in lithium cells, 3 459 Lithium peroxide, 15 142 18 393 Lithium phosphate, 15 142 Lithium-polymer cells, 3 551 in development, 3 43 It Lithium primary cells, 3 459-466 Lithium production, 9 640 Lithium products, sales of, 15 121 Lithium salts, 15 135-136, 142 Lithium secondary cells, 3 549-551 ambient temperature, 3 541-549 economic aspects, 3 551-552 high temperature, 3 549-551 Lithium silicate glass-ceramics, 12 631-632... 

Primary batteries, 3 434—469. See also Alkaline primary cells Batteries Carbon-zinc cells Lithium primary cells Secondary batteries defined, 3 409... 

Secondary Lithium Cells and Batteries for Portable Applications. International Electrotechnic Commission, lEC 61960-1 and lEC 61960 2. 

A Guideline for the Safety Evaluation of Secondary Lithium Cells. Japan Battery Association, 1997. 

In the lithium-ion secondary battery, which was put on the market in 1990, the difficulty of the Li+/Li electrode was avoided by use of a carbon negative electrode Cy), which works as a host for Li+ ions by intercalation. The active material for the positive electrode is typically LiCo02, which is layer-structured and also works as a host for Li+ ions. The electrolyte solutions are nearly the same as those used in the primary lithium batteries. A schematic diagram of a lithium-ion battery is shown in Fig. 12.2. The cell reaction is as follows ... 

The properties of lithium metal were described in Chapter 4, where particular note was made of its high specific capacity and electrode potential. However, because of its highly electropositive nature, it is thermodynamically unstable in contact with a wide variety of reducible materials. In particular, lithium reacts with components of most electrolytes to form a passivating layer. Film formation of this type ensures long shelf life for primary lithium cells, but causes severe problems when the electrode is cycled in a secondary cell. 

Fig. 13.48. Conceptual diagram of the discharge process of a lithium cell that includes an organosulfur-based cathode. (Reprinted from J. M. Pope, T. Sotomura, and N. Oyama, Characterization and Performance of Organosulfur Cathodes for Secondary Lithium Cells Composites of Organosulfur, Conducting Polymer, and Copper Ion, in Batteries for Portable Applications and Electric Vehicles, C. F. Holmes and A. R. Landgrebe, eds., Electrochemical Society Proc. PV97-18, pp. 116-123, Fig. 1, 1977. Reprinted by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

Lithium tetrafluoroborate, (LiBF4), lithium hexafluorophosphate, (LiPF6), lithium hexafluoroarsenate, (LiAsF ), lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate, (LiSOjCFj), are the electrolyte salts of the 21st Century. The performance of lithium ion cells, primary and secondary lithium cells depends on the purity of these compounds. Several hundred tons of these materials have been produced and many more tons — and perhaps thousands of tons — will be required in the near future. One of the largest automotive producers predicts that there may be a market for 10-15 million pounds of these salts. The demand for Lithium ion primary cells is also very huge in electronics, computers, communication systems and military applications. 

Ohzuku, T., Ueda, A., Nagayama, N., Iwakoshi, Y., and Komori, H., Comparative study of LiCoOj, LiNii/jCoi/jOj and LiNiOj for 4 volt secondary lithium cells, Electrochim. Acta, 38, 1159, 1993. 

Ohzuku, T., Ueda, A., and Hirai, T., Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn02) as cathode for secondary lithium cell, Chem. Express, 1, 193, 1992. 

A hybrid cell can be defined as a system in which only one electrode of the secondary cell is graphitic, carbonaceous, or organic, but the other is inorganic. The most important cells have metals as negative electrodes. Lithium cells of this kind have already been discussed in detail in Section 9.1 (cf. Table 10(a)). In this section, systems with other metals as the negative are considered see Table 11(a). They are organized in the same order as in this review. 

The final specification (Table 10.4) is for an emergency power supply for a computer memory this is again a relatively small battery and the prime need is a long shelf life and the ability to work promptly on demand. Possible batteries would include secondary Ni/Cd or sealed Pb/acid or a long-life primary cell such a HgO/Cd or certain lithium cells. Table 10.4 Specification for standby supply to volatile computer memories. ... 

Bittihn, R., et al. 1987. Polypyrrole as an electrode material for secondary lithium cells. Makromol Chem Macromol Symp 8 51. 

---