Charging regimes

It must be emphasized that the most appropriate charging regime is very dependent on the cell system under consideration. Some are tolerant to a considerable amount of overcharging (e.g. nickel-cadmium batteries), while for others, such as zinc-silver oxide and most lithium secondary cells, overcharging can result in permanent damage to the cell. Sealed battery systems require special care float charging should not be used and trickle charge rates should be strictly limited to the manufacturer s recommended values, since otherwise excessive cell temperatures or thermal runaway can result. 

FM4. Incomplete charging. If either of the electrodes is persistently undercharged, either because of a defective charge regime or as a result of physical changes which prevent the electrode from reaching an adequate potential, then a rapid decline in available battery capacity may occur. 

Drying out is mostly connected with a too severe charging regime, often in combination with high cell temperature. The best way to circumvent this problem... 

The crossover between (49) and (50) specifies the boundary between the annealing osmotic and the annealing charged regimes as a l OhN lon ... 

For example, in an acidic medium, carbon electrodes exhibit stronger stability in the negative region due to hydrogen electrosorption [17], In this approach, the carbon anode seems to work well with respect to another pseudocapacitive cathode material with overpotential in the positive regime to boost performance and the potential window. Furthermore, to determine acceptable materials it is important to understand the charge regimes, identify operable characteristics, and be able to quantify resistances due to faradic components in the system. 

The cycle life and calendar life of the different secondary battery systems are also listed in Table 22.3. Again, these data are approximate because specific performance is dependent on the particular design and the conditions under which the battery is used. The depth of discharge (DOD), for example, as illustrated in Fig. 22.7, and the charging regime strongly influences the battery s life." ... 

Factors which affect the battery life are the operating temperature, the discharge depth, and the charging regime. Low or moderate operating temperatures should always be preferred. Batteries operating at elevated temperatures or in cycling applications should be filled with electrolyte to which lithium hydroxide has been added. 

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