Primary Batteries Based on Lithium

The primary batteries based on Hthium are now commonplace and used in portable electronics such as cameras, calculators, watches, and so on. There are a variety of Hthium batteries, but only three types have been commerciaHzed, namely Ii-Mn02 (3 V), Li-CF,c (3 V), and Li-FeS2 (1.5 V), and these are replacements for primary alkaline batteries. 

The most common separator for these batteries is the PP separator. The separator s properties for these batteries are not very stringent because there are no undesirable electrochemical deposits (e.g., dendrites), and electrodes are very smooth. Thermal runaway is not a major concern because it does not occur unless the temperature reaches 180°C. Thus, a simple separator with low electric resistance, high strength, and low shrinkage is adequate. Of course, the separators need to be thin and defect free, and should have desirable pore size distribution. 

The Li-Mn02 cells are preferred over Li-CF,c cells for the 3 V battery market. An AA size rechargeable cell with an energy density of 125-140 Wh kg (280-315 Wh employing a PP separator has been shown to pass all safety tests [26]. These batteries are used in long-term memory backup, safety devices, cameras. 

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