Target Applications

The DoE has been the most detailed in translating MEA targets into component targets for automotive applications. These will be summarized in the following Table 1.1 for electrocatalysts. 

Catalyst performance targets for stationary and portable applications have not been as consolidated and are usually embedded into MEA performance 

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Most arthropods in turf killed immediately after application. Target pest populations remained depressed for 1 year posttreatment, but other insect populations recovered to levels greater than controls after 3.5 months (Streu and Cruz 1972)... 

Table IX. Potential Industrial Application Targets for Thermostable Xylanases...

A second point of significance is that this work will lead to a new class of bioresponsive materials for a host of applications. Initial applications target biosensors and bioassays colloidal materials provide tremendous versatility in biosensor design. For... 

The incorporation of metal ligands onto peptidic structures is an active area of research. These compounds can be used as molecular devices to control the formation of supramo-lecular peptidic architectures, to induce and stabilize secondary structures, and as sensing devices for the detection of certain metals. The metal ligand group can be linked to the side chain of an amino acid and incorporated into a peptide chain, or it can be incorporated as a C- or N-terminal group. The strategy used depends on the application targeted. 

Industrialbiobased products have enormous potential in the chemical and material industries. The diversity of biomass feedstocks (sugars, oils, protein, lignocellulosics), combined with the numerous biochemical and thermochemical conversion technologies, can provide a wealth of products that can be used in many applications. Targeted markets include the polymer, lubricant, solvent, adhesive, herbicide, and pharmaceutical markets. Industrial bioproducts have already penetrated some of these markets, but improved technologies promise new products that can compete with fossil-based products in both cost and performance. 

More than 4.5 million metric t of solvents is used in the United States annually, and it has been suggested by industry experts that ethyl lactate could replace conventional solvents in more than 80% of these applications (34). Vertec Biosolvents Inc. is currently using ethyl lactate in soy oil-solvent blends. Applications targeted by Vertec Biosolvents include conventional solvents that are under environmental scrutiny such as methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, and N-methyl pyrrolidone (36). Table 3 lists the selling prices of some common solvents. 

This is the price of the current applications targeted by the biobased product and not the price of the biobased product. 

SARvision from Altoris (http //www.chemapps.com/) is a commercial desktop application targeted at medicinal chemists. It analyzes screening data based on an automatically generated and user-expandable scaffold hierarchy it can also generate R tables (Reichard, 2008). 

Natural product Producing microorganism Application, target... 

Size separation has been successfully demonstrated in many of microfluidic separation approaches of a continuous mode. In the field-based separation such as DEP, acoustic, and optical methods, the force acting on particles is proportional to their volume and corresponding native physical properties, including dielectric susceptibility, particle compressibility, and refractive index, respectively [10-12]. In many applications, target and non-target particles, however, exhibit similar responses to the acting force that precludes sorting particles based on intrinsic phenot> pes. On the other hand, the... 

Applicable target risk limits (TR) for health protection can be matched to levels specified by the environmental regulatory authority. Toxicological parameters for each contaminant can be determined from published references, such as the U S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Exposure rates correspond to the chronic rate of contact or intake of the affected exposure medium (air, water, soil) by the receptor under anticipated land use conditions. As a conservative measure, these rates can be estimated based on standard exposure factors published by the regulatory authority or other source (e.g., American Industrial Health Council) for the anticipated land use at the site (e.g., residential, commercial, etc.). 

This application targets MDR breast and ovarian cancers because of their high expression levels of FR. The technology can be expanded to most tumors by tailoring anticancer drugs and molecular tools for active internalization into cancer cells, potentially becoming a general platform for cancer chemotherapy. 

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