Lithium/manganese dioxide primary batteries

Lithium primary batteries with liquid cathodes are a relatively mature technology. Incremental improvements in capacity and performance may occur through design modifications and the use of new materials such as improved carbons in the passive cathode. The U.S. Army is adopting Lithium/Manganese Dioxide replacements for some of the Lithium/Sulfur Dioxide Batteries listed in Table 1 in certain applications. These replacements provide higher capacity and energy at room temperature but not at lower temperature. See the chapter on Lithium Primary Cells Solid Cathodes in this work. 

Primary Batteries for Military Applications, Table 2 Military applications for lithium manganese dioxide batteries ... 

Lithium/Manganese dioxide 3.0 500 800 Primary battery button and cylindric cell... 

Figure 18.9 Discharge graph of old and new primary batteries A = Leclanche, B = alkaline, C = lithium/manganese dioxide. (From Ref. 3.)...

The present situation is made easier by the comparably low turnover of lithium batteries. Partly batteries are disposed of as harmless in normal sanitary landfills (like primary lithium/manganese dioxide cells), partly more active systems are brought to special landfills (like lithium/sulfur dioxide together with neutralizing amounts of limestone), and partly batteries are burned in special ovens in combination with oil (like lithium/thionylchloride batteries). 

ANSI C18.3M, Part 1 Steuidard for Portable Lithium Primary CeUs and Batteries Lithium/carbon monofluoride Lithium/manganese dioxide... 

Primary lithium batteries offer these advantages as well as good low-temperature characteristics. There are many kinds of primary lithium batteries, with various cathode active materials the main ones are lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-carbon monofluoride, and lithium-thionyl chloride batteries [28]. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, sealed lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-metal hydride secondary, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-silver chromate, lithium-lead bismuthate. 

Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd, 6-6 Josai-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka-fii 569 also International Division, 12-112 Chome, Higashi-Shinbashi Minako-ku, Tokyo 105 Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. Sodium-sulphur, lithium-manganese dioxide. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide second batteries, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid. PhUips USFA BV Lithium-sulphur dioxide. 

Duracell UK Technical Division Duracell House Gatwick Road, Crawley RHIO 2PA Primary batteries, mercury-zinc, silver-zinc, lithium solid electrolyte types, nickel-cadmium, lithium-sulphur dioxide, lithium-manganese dioxide, zinc-air. See also Duracell (US)... 

MU204 is also less expensive than cobalt and nickel and is easily available as raw material the manganese dioxide is also environmentally more tolerable than Ni or Co. Therefore, and also because manganese materials have a long tradition as active substances in batteries (more recently also in lithium primary batteries), its applicability for lithium-ion batteries is under investigation. 

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