Liquorice extracts

Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Abbasi PR, Esmaeili S. The effect of liquorice extract on serum testosterone level in healthy male volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003 55 Suppl S87-8. 

ED was also suggested to deacidify liquorice extracts, containing 4 20% glycyrrhizic acid and 1(M10% dry matter, or to desalt the glycyrrhizin-free juice recovered after acidification (Bozzi et al., 1997). 

Confectionery is not made directly from the root but from a liquorice extract. These are obtained either in the form of a spray dried powder or the paradoxically named block juice . The spray dried extract is a free-flowing powder, yellowish brown in colour with a mild liquorice aroma and the characteristic bitter-sweet taste, whereas block juice is a solid block, resembling coal, but with the overpowering liquorice flavour and bitter-sweet taste. 

Liquorice is a slightly unusual example of a starch gel instead of separating the starch, wheat flour is used directly. It is also a product where brown sugars and treacle are used. Liquorice paste is typically made from treacle, wheat flour, liquorice extract and caramel. Caramel in this context means the brown colour produced from sugar and not a form of toffee. Industrial caramel is made by the action of ammonium hydroxide on a carbohydrate, typically glucose syrup. The resulting product is not well defined chemically, and for this reason its use is recommended to be limited to 0.2% maximum. 

On the quantitative determination of glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice extracts via HPLC see [140]. 

Liquorice extracts (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) - Determination of glycyrrhi-zic acid content - Method using high-performance liquid chromatography... 

Liquorice extract is mainly produced in southern Italy where the crude drug is extracted with water, and the extract is filtered and evaporated under vacuum to a viscous mass, which is cast into blocks or sticks and gradually solidifies. The colour is brownish black and it has a shiny fracture and a sweet taste. 

Watanabe, S., et al. "Release of Secretin of Liquorice Extract in Dogs." Pancreas 1(5) 449454, 1986. Abstract. Sage... 

Synonyms Glycyrrhiza extract Glycyrrhiza glabra Glycyrrhiza glabra extract Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract Licorice extract Licorice root extract Liquorice extract... 

Liquiwax DiSA. See Diisostearyl adipate Liquiwax iPL. See Dicetearyl dimer dilinoleate Liquorice. See Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) Liquorice extract. See Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract... 

Peptic ulcer, relief of Atropine-like alkaloids Succus iiq. (Liquorice extract)... 

Takino, Y., M. Koshioka, M. Shlokawa, Y. Ishil, S. Maruyama, M. Higashino, and T. Hayashi. 1979. Quantitative determination of glycyrrhizic acid liquorice roots and extracts by TLC-densitometry. Hippokrates Verlag GmbH 36 74-78. 

Pure stevioside is a white hygroscopic powder (The Merck Index, 1976) and commercial extracts vary from cream to tan powders. The solubility of pure stevioside in water is 1.2 g/1 (The Merck Index, 1976). Commercial extracts have solubilities that range from 300 to 800 g/1 (Stevia Corporation, 1986). The relative sweetness of stevia extracts varies from 15 to 300 (O Donnell, 1983 Richard, 2002 Tunaley et al., 1987 ) The taste of stevioside is characterised by a lingering sweetness and liquorice, bitter off-taste (O Donnell, 1983). This limits its commercial application and it is generally not used as a sole sweetener in most applications. 

The main component (80-90%) is (f )-anethole. Star anise oil and (F)-anelhole isolated from it are used in anise liqueur (Anisette, Sambuca) and anise brandy (Pernod, Ouzo, Raki, Arak), liquorice sweets, toothpaste, etc. It has almost completely replaced the original anise seed oil, obtained from the umbellifer P. anisum. Shikimic acid (Wang et al., 2001), used in the production of the antiviral drug Tamiflu (Roche), is extracted from the fruits of Chinese star anise and related species (Rahway, 1989). 

Anise oil is used for both hunting and fishing. It smells similar to liquorice and is put on fishing lures to attract fish (http // en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise). Anethole (4-methoxyphenyl-l-propene), the principal component of anise oil, is a precursor that can produce 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, which is used in the synthesis of psychedelic drugs such as DOB (2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine) (Waumans et al., 2006). Anise is also the main flavour in several types of liquors. It has a particular effect on some dogs that parallels the effect of catnip on house cats. The residue left after extraction of oil is used as cattle feed... 

This protein sweetener is extracted from the berry of a fruit which grows in west Africa. It has been sold under the trade name Talin. Thaumatin is intensely sweet. The sweetness is slow in onset but is long lasting with a liquorice end-note. It is little used in confectionery although it has been used as a coating on the outside of chewing gum where its persistence would be an advantage. 

Besides these, a considerable amount of extracts are made from dry materials, both foreign and indigenous as Gentian, Rhubarb, Chamomile, May-apple, Horehound, Cohosh, etc. They are also about engaging largely in the manufacture of extract of Liquorice from foreign root. 

Where the prescription presents among its constituents one or more semi-solid extracts, it will frequently be found that these impart sufficient tenacity, and that by simply beating the ingredients together a suitable mass is obtained. But it sometimes happens, on the one hand, that the quantity of the soft extract is too small for the purpose, and then the addition of some such articles as those above enumerated becomes necessary and, on the other hand, the extract may be of such quality and consistence as to make the mass entirely too soft to be rolled into pills. In the latter case addition of some dry powder, which shall not interfere with the medicinal value of the prescription, becomes necessary. Powdered liquorice-root or wheat flour are well adapted for this purpose. 

Liquorice derivatives have a long history of use, and an extracted principle carbenoxolone is of proven value, and, though its mechanism of action is not clear, it is thought to work by effecting cytoprotection protective secretions. Some complexes, e.g. sncralfiite (aluminium hydroxide and sulphated sucrose) may be of value. 

Solid-liquid extraction is applied on an industrial scale to produce oils and fats from oil-bearing seeds. In the food and flavour industry, extracts and resins, such as hop, chamomile, peppermint, valerian, vanilla, red pepper and liquorice, are obtained from herbs, roots, seeds and drugs. The technology has also found application in the pharmaceutical industry for the extraction of antibiotics, alkaloids and caffeine. 

Usage Generally a thickened or solid extract (block liquorice), obtained by decoction with water, is employed for producing sweets and for flavouring smoked goods and tobacco products. 

Take of Socotrine aloes in powder, half an ounce. Extract of liquorice, one ounce and a half. Alcohol, four fluidounces. 

The hqnorice extract is a classical expectorant component in cough syrups. Furthermore, liquorice is used, owing to its sweet taste, in the confectionery industry and also the food industry (liquorice ice cream ). After overdosage of liquorice (more than 25 g), cortisone-effects (due to the structural similarities between cortisone and glycyrrhetinic acid, among others the 11-keto-group) are obtained oedema, salt retention, hypokalae-mia (low potassium content in blood). 

In the early stages of the development of TLC, especially when used with drugs and their preparations, solvent systems were often used that consisted of the upper or lower phase of a mixture of solvents. Some of these can still be found in current monographs of the DAB. As an example of the use of a solvent system with an addition of acid, we describe here the identity test for primula root. An alkaline solvent system is prescribed for the test for liquorice root and liquid extracts prepared from it. As these upper and lower phases are difficult to handle and their compositions are very temperature sensitive, reproducible hRf values in the TLC can only be achieved at a constant... 

Figure 50. Identification of liquorice root dry extract (DE) using two TLC systems after deriv-atization with vanillin-snlfnric acid reagent...

Q5. ProctAT a Fluid Extract of liquorice. Take of Calabria liquorice, 8 troy ounces and sugar hi cuanse powder, 10 troy ounces. Bruise the liquorice till it is re-... 

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