Chemical explosions liquid

Characterization of new compounds (drugs, chemicals, explosives, liquid crystals, etc.). 

A physical explosion, for example, a boiler explosion, a pressure vessel failure, or a BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion), is not necessarily caused by a chemical reaction. Chemical explosions are characterized as detonations, deflagrations, and thermal explosions. In the case of a detonation or deflagration (e.g., explosive burning), a reaction front is present that proceeds through the material. A detonation proceeds by a shock wave with a velocity exceeding the speed of sound in the unreacted material. A... 

Use of carbon tetrachloride to extinguish a wax fire caused an explosion. This was attributed to a violent reaction between unsaturated wax components and carbon tetrachloride initiated by radicals from decomposing peroxides [1], Perhaps a more likely explanation could be that contact of the cold low-boiling liquid with the hot molten wax led to the physical effect of a vapour explosion, rather than the chemical explosion postulated [2],... 

The concept involves the injection and detonation of a liquid chemical explosive in natural or previously induced fracture systems or the use of a pelletized explosive to enlarge and extend these fractures to provide fragmentation and interwell communication. This study is one of few known research efforts to evaluate results of detonating sheetlike layers of explosive to increase flow capacity in confined rock formations. The literature contained little information to guide the design of the experiments. Some related work, however, had been conducted by a few individuals and oil field service companies. Briefly, the earlier work resulted... 

Acrylonitrile resembles VC, a carcinogen, in structure. It is a flammable, explosive liquid (b.p. 77 C, V.P. 80 mm at 20°C). AN is a component of acrylic and modacrylic fibers produced by copolymerization with other monomers, e.g., with methyl acrylate, Me-methacrylate, vinyl acetate, VC and VDC. Other major uses of AN include copolymerizations with butadiene and styrene to produce ABS polymers, and with styrene to yield SAN resins which are used in the manufacture of plastics. Nitrile elastomers and latexes are also made with AN, as are a number of other chemicals, e.g. acrylamide and adiponitrile. Acrylonitrile is also used as a fumigant. 

Uses O-Nitrotoluene is a yellow liquid. The compound is used for the synthesis of a variety of industrial products (e.g., azo dyes, agricultural chemicals, explosives, sulfur dyes, and rubber chemicals). 

This means "Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion" and characterizes the physical explosion of a liquefied gas/supercritical fluid that is brutally decompressed to atmospheric pressure, in case of pressure vessel rupture or opening. Catastrophic BLEVE occurred when liquefied petroleum gases vessels burst (Mexico, Feyzin,...), followed by the "chemical" explosion due to gas cloud inflammation. In fact, this hazard is directly linked to metal weakening in case of fire around the vessel(s). It is the reason why it is recommended to install fire detectors that could order immediate depressurization of the whole plant in case of fire. 

This explosive is more powerful than C-4 plastique explosive. With its high detonation rate and great bristance, it should find some use. It is more sensitive than most explosives obtained from AN, since it is not AN but hydrazine nitrate. This explosive liquid is very corrosive and this should be taken into affect when suitable containers are rounded up in which to place the explosive. Hydrazine is a hard chemical to find. Used as a rocket fuel, obtaining this chemical could arouse suspicion. It is used as a boiler deoxygenator and perhaps could be procured for this purpose. The manufacture is simple with the AN prills being dissolved in the hydrazine by small additions with good ventilation, as ammonia gas is produced by the reaction. 

Design separate storage areas for flammable solvents, corrosive liquids, reactive chemicals, explosive chemicals, and chemical carcinogens. Properly inspect chemical containers and packages before use and also periodically. 

SYN NITROGEN CHLORIDE DOT CLASSIFICATION Forbidden SAFETY PROFILE Strong irritant by inhalation. An extremely unstable explosive. Reacts with liquid ammonia to form an explosive liquid. Explosive reaction with 1,3-butadiene, C2H6, C2H4, CH4, CsHs, phopshorus, silver azide, sodium. Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of HCl. Has been used as an initiator in chemical gas lasers. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cr and NOx- See also CHLORINE and AZIDES. 

Flammable Liquid SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported. A skin irritant. A very dangerous fire and explosion haxard when exposed to heat or flame can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, foam, CO2, dry chemical. Explosive polymerization is catalyzed by methane sulfonic acid. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. See also ETHERS. 

The term explosion is best defined as a process that involves a sudden release of energy resulting in a rapid and significant buildup of overpressure. Explosions can be categorized into physical/mechanical and chemical explosions. For example, an explosion caused by a sudden release of compressed gas is a physical explosion. A chemical explosion is caused by a chemical reaction(s), which could be combustion, exothermic decomposition or exothermic reaction. Chemical explosions can occur in gas, liquid or solid phase. Chemical explosions that occur in liquid and solid phases are sometimes called condensed phase explosions. Explosive explosions fall in this category. 

CgHiiN4 Unstable, explosive liquid sensitive to heat, temperature increases, friction, impact, and some chemical reaction (Fire Rating 3). Thermal decomposition releases acutely toxic and potentially deadly tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN). Violent reaction or other toxic chemicals may be formed when mixed with strong oxidizers, acids, acyl halides, aldehydes, alkali metals, strong reducing... 

ETHANE HEXACHLORIDE (67-72-1) CjClj Noncombustible solid. Contact with aluminum, cadmium, mercury, hot iron, alkalis, alkali metals forms chloroacetylene gas which is spontaneously explosive in air. Rapidly elevated temperatures may cause ignition or explosion. Liquid attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings. Decomposes above 367°F/186°C, releasing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride and phosgene. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), foam, or COj extinguishers. A known animal carcinogen. 

In this section we are interested in predicting the uncontrolled energy release of an explosion that occurs without a chemical reaction. That is, we are interested in energy released from an explosion that results from the bursting of an overpressurized tank, or the rapid depressurization of a hot liquid that leads to its partially boiling (flashing) to a vapor-liquid mixture. We do not consider chemical explosions, for example, the detonation of TNT or a natural gas explosion, both of which involve multiple chemical reactions and require the estimate of properties of mixtures that we have not yet considered. Chemical explosions are considered in Chapter 13. 

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