Detonation theory

Fishbum, B., N. Slagg, and P. Lu. 1981. Blast effect from a pancake-shaped fuel drop-air cloud detonation (theory and experiment). J. of Hazardous Materials. 5 65-75. 

Exp-6 potential models can be validated through several independent means. Fried and Howard33 have considered the shock Hugoniots of liquids and solids in the decomposition regime where thermochemical equilibrium is established. As an example of a typical thermochemical implementation, consider the Cheetah thermochemical code.32 Cheetah is used to predict detonation performance for solid and liquid explosives. Cheetah solves thermodynamic equations between product species to find chemical equilibrium for a given pressure and temperature. From these properties and elementary detonation theory, the detonation velocity and other performance indicators are computed. 

Detonation theory is used to clarify the explosive characteristics of peroxy compounds. Some typical accidents are described. Hazards involved in the use of a large number of peroxy compounds (including all those then commercially available) are tabulated, with 134 references. 

Delayed-, After-, or Post-Reactions in Detonation. There are two general types those which occur within a confined space such as in a closed bomb, and those which involve reaction with external air and are known as "afterburning". Accdg to classical one-dimensional detonation theory, chemical equilibrium is achieved and reaction ceases at the CJ (Chapman-Jouguer) plane, which terminates the reaction zone. In some cases, however, as noted by Craig (Ref 3, p 863), the sharp shock wave and the reaction zone of falling pressure are followed by a further rapid pressure drop which is not predicted by an extrapolation of the one-dimensional theory... 

See also Detonation, Chapman-Jouguet Theory and also under Detonation, Theories of... 

N) G. Schweikert, Explosivst 1955, 197-200 1956, 10-14 (Deton theory for solid expls)... 

Rankine-Hugoniot equation is also discussed under "Detonation, Theories of"... 

Jones Detonation Theory. See Detonation, Nozzle Theory or Expanding Jet Theory of Jones... 

Spinning Detonation, Theory of. See Detonation, Spinning Theory of, and in Ref 55b... 

In our further discussion on detonation theories will be used [besides the NDRC Rept (Ref 39) and Dunkle s Syllabus (Ref 93)]j... 

Compare "Detonation Theories with."Combustion Theories as Applied to Solid Propellants , described in Vol 3 of Encycl, pp C430 to C433)... 

CA 45, 10587 (1951) (A review of the development of deton theories subjects treated. include steady nonsteady deton, deton zone, deton process, and nonplanar deton fronts) 54) H. Jones, PrRoySoc 204A, 9-12(1950) CA 45, 10585 (1951) (A mathematical procedure for discussing the problem of deton of a cylindrical solid as distinct from gas confined in a tube) 55a) S. Travers,... 

Paterson J. Davidson, JChemPhys 22, 150 (1954) CA 48, 4911 (1954) (Equations of state and detonation theory) 67) B.J. Zwolinski, "Some Thoughts and Speculations on Explosives , Stanford Researchlnstitute-IntRept SRI 014-54(1954) 68) D. Smolenski,... 

Definition of deton process) 79) Ya.B. Zel dovich. A.S. Kompaneets, "Teoriya Detonatsii , GosIzdatTekhrTeorLit, Moskva (1955) (Engl translation under the title "Theory of Detonation , published in I960 by Academic Press, NY) 80) Anon, "Military Explosives , TM9-1910 (1955), pp 37-40 (Deton theory)... 

A new relationship in the hydrodynamic theory of expl waves) 95) W.W. Wood J.G. Kirkwood, JChemPhys 29, 956(1958) (Present status of deton theory) 95a) W. Fickett 8t W.W. Wood, Phys of Fluids 1 (6), 528-34 (Nov-Dec. 1958) (A detonation-product equation of state obtained from hydrodynamic data) 96) Cook... 

J. Berger J. Favier,MP 41, 75 83 (1959)4 (Deton theories Chapman-Jouguet characteristics for solid expls) 101) C.F. Curtiss et al, JChemPhys 30, 470-92(1959) (Theory of deton) 102) W.B. Gam, JChemPhys 30, 819-22 (1959) (Data are reported which. determine the unreacted Hugoniot curve for liquid... 

Besides description of three approx detonation theories, Cook discussed the relationships between velocities and diameters for several HE s and plotted them on curves shown on pp 47, 48, 49, 50, 129, 130, 131 132... 

The mathematical treatment given by eqs 3.1.1 to 3.118 incl, is the same as is discussed under Rankine-Hugonoit Relations, p D 604 and Fig 6, -showing "Hugoniot Curve H ( ) = J 0f Reaction Products (Ref 66, p 13 is given under History of Detonation Theories, p D606... 

In recent years liq Nitromethane, NM, although rarely used as a practical expl, has been studied from the point of view of initiation and detonation theory probably more than any other expl, liq, solid or gas. Some of these studies are discussed in sections 4 5... 

The last column of Table 1 lists some experimental detonation temperatures (T j) obtained by optical methods. Although there is considerable disagreement between measurements made by different investigators, these TCJ values are probably the best that are now available. Detonation temperature is a very important parameter in detonation theory, inasmuch as it provides 1) the best test for the validity of an equation of state of the detonation products (See Vol 4, pp D268—298) and 2) insight into the chemical reaction rates in the detonation process... 

Eyring Detonation Theory. See "Detonation, Curved Front Theory of Eyring et al in Vol 4 of Encycl, pp D242-R to D244-L... 

Detonation theories leading to development of hydrodynamic and hydrothermodynamic theories, history of 4 D602... 

Eyring detonation theory see Detonation curved front theory of Eyring et al 4 D242—D244... 

Ya.B. s studies of combustion and detonation are diverse and multidirectional. They include the chemical thermodynamics of combustion, propagation of exothermic chemical transformation fronts, deflagration and detonation theory, thermo-diffusion and chemo-kinetic processes in combustion and at high temperatures in general, and gasdynamics of flows in the propagation of non-uniform flame fronts and in detonation. 

Let us turn to detonation theory. By the turn of the century the rule for calculating the velocity of a detonation wave and other parameters using only thermodynamic data and the conservation laws was known. It appeared that the chemical kinetics of the transformation of the original explosive substance or mixture into the final reaction products did not play any role, and that it was enough to consider only the initial and final states. 

We Eire now able to clearly picture the interrelation between shock wave theory and detonation theory. 

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