Explosive liquid chemical

This is a location which is continuously contaminated with explosive gases, chemical vapours or volatile liquids and thus is highly susceptible to fire hazards. Installation of electrical machines in such areas should be avoided as far as possible, to reduce cost, facilitate maintenance and take other precautions. 

This is a location which is not permanently contaminated but is likely to be prone to fire hazards during processing, storage or handling of explosive gases, chemical vapour or volatile liquids, although under careful and controlled conditions. Eor such locations in addition to a flame- or explosion-proof enclosure, type Ex. d, an increased... 

This is a location safer than Zone I with a likelihood of concentration of explosive gases, chemical vapour or volatile liquids during processing, storage or handling. This would become a fire hazard only under abnormal conditions, such as a leakage or a burst of joints or pipelines etc. Such a condition may exist only for a short period. A standard motor with additional features, as di.scussed below, may also be safe for such locations. A non-sparking type. Ex. n , or an increased safety motor, type Ex. e , may also be chosen for such locations. 

Additional events of concern that may or may not involve flammable or combustible materials are condensed-phase explosions, uncontrolled chemical reactions, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs),... 

Potential explosion phenomena include vapor cloud explosions (VCEs), confined explosions, condensed-phase explosions, exothermic chemical reactions, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs), and pressure-volume (PV) ruptures. Potential fire phenomena include flash fires, pool fires, jet fires, and fireballs. Guidelines for evaluating the characteristics of VCEs, BLEVEs, and flash fires are provided in another CCPS publication (Ref. 5). The basic principles from Reference 5 for evaluating characteristics of these phenomena are briefly summarized in this appendix. In addition, the basic principles for evaluating characteristics of the other explosion and fire phenomena listed above are briefly summarized, and references for detailed evaluation of characteristics are provided. 

Some nitric acid is used for the manufacture of explosives and chemicals, but much is converted on-site to the potentially explosive high nitrogen fertilizer ammonium nitrate (Section 2.11). Ammonia gas from the Haber plant is absorbed in aqueous HN03, and the NH4N03 solution is evaporated to a liquid melt (< 8% H20) for crystallization, but care must be taken to keep the pH of the solution above about 4.5 and to exclude any material (chlorides, organic compounds, metals) that might catalyze the explosive decomposition of NH4N03. It is also wise to keep the melt mass low and to vent it to avoid pressure buildup. The solid product should be stored well away from the main plant. 

The concept involves the injection and detonation of a liquid chemical explosive in natural or previously induced fracture systems or the use of a pelletized explosive to enlarge and extend these fractures to provide fragmentation and interwell communication. This study is one of few known research efforts to evaluate results of detonating sheetlike layers of explosive to increase flow capacity in confined rock formations. The literature contained little information to guide the design of the experiments. Some related work, however, had been conducted by a few individuals and oil field service companies. Briefly, the earlier work resulted... 

Acrylonitrile resembles VC, a carcinogen, in structure. It is a flammable, explosive liquid (b.p. 77 C, V.P. 80 mm at 20°C). AN is a component of acrylic and modacrylic fibers produced by copolymerization with other monomers, e.g., with methyl acrylate, Me-methacrylate, vinyl acetate, VC and VDC. Other major uses of AN include copolymerizations with butadiene and styrene to produce ABS polymers, and with styrene to yield SAN resins which are used in the manufacture of plastics. Nitrile elastomers and latexes are also made with AN, as are a number of other chemicals, e.g. acrylamide and adiponitrile. Acrylonitrile is also used as a fumigant. 

This explosive is more powerful than C-4 plastique explosive. With its high detonation rate and great bristance, it should find some use. It is more sensitive than most explosives obtained from AN, since it is not AN but hydrazine nitrate. This explosive liquid is very corrosive and this should be taken into affect when suitable containers are rounded up in which to place the explosive. Hydrazine is a hard chemical to find. Used as a rocket fuel, obtaining this chemical could arouse suspicion. It is used as a boiler deoxygenator and perhaps could be procured for this purpose. The manufacture is simple with the AN prills being dissolved in the hydrazine by small additions with good ventilation, as ammonia gas is produced by the reaction. 

DO NOT store flammable liquids near sources of heat, ignition, strong oxidizing agents, explosives, reactive chemicals, and open exits. 

SYN NITROGEN CHLORIDE DOT CLASSIFICATION Forbidden SAFETY PROFILE Strong irritant by inhalation. An extremely unstable explosive. Reacts with liquid ammonia to form an explosive liquid. Explosive reaction with 1,3-butadiene, C2H6, C2H4, CH4, CsHs, phopshorus, silver azide, sodium. Reacts with water or steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes of HCl. Has been used as an initiator in chemical gas lasers. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cr and NOx- See also CHLORINE and AZIDES. 

Both the Semenov and the F-K equation are in fact the same in the sense that each of them describes the balance between the rate of heat generation per unit volume per unit time in a liquid chemical, or a solid chemical, of the TD type, having an arbitrary shape and an arbitrary size, placed in the atmosphere under isothermal conditions, and, the rate of heat transfer per unit volume per unit time from the chemical to the atmosphere at the critical state for the thermal explosion which exists at the end of the early stages of the self-heating process. 

As commented in I rcface, the self-healing behavior of every self-healing liquid chemical, with the exception of liquid high explosives, such as nitroglycerin, of the true AC type, is ofthc TD type, so tltat a sclf-hcating liquid chemical of the TD type or self-heating liquid chemicals of the TD type are described hereafter simply as a liquid or liquids. 

In Chapter 3, a classification of self-heating chemicals, except gas-permeable oxidatively-heating substances, is introduced. Treatments of gas-permeable oxidatively-heating substances are made in Chapters 7 and 8. Self-heating chemicals are divided into two large groups, i.e., the thermal decomposition or TD type and the autocatalytic reaction or AC type. The TD type is subdivided into liquid chemicals, for each of which the Semenov equation is applied to calculate the Tc, and, solid (powdery, in reality) chemicals, for each of which the F-K equation is applied to calculate the Tc. On the other hand, the AC type is subdivided into high explosives of the true AC type and powdery chemicals of the quasi-AC type. 

The suppressants deployed in suppression systems are water and dry and liquid chemicals. Apart from me effectiveness of the suppressant used, the compatibility of the suppressant with the process shall be considered. A suppressant is regarded as being very effective when an increase of the activation pressure Pa of the explosion suppression system leads to a small increase in the maximum reduced explosion overpressure Fred,max- The application of a suppressant is dependent upon how effective it is at suppressing an explosion. Testing shall be used to determine the effectiveness and performance of the suppressant, thus quantifying the applicability of the suppressant. The following parameters shall oe considered when selecting a suppressant ... 

The term explosion is best defined as a process that involves a sudden release of energy resulting in a rapid and significant buildup of overpressure. Explosions can be categorized into physical/mechanical and chemical explosions. For example, an explosion caused by a sudden release of compressed gas is a physical explosion. A chemical explosion is caused by a chemical reaction(s), which could be combustion, exothermic decomposition or exothermic reaction. Chemical explosions can occur in gas, liquid or solid phase. Chemical explosions that occur in liquid and solid phases are sometimes called condensed phase explosions. Explosive explosions fall in this category. 

CgHiiN4 Unstable, explosive liquid sensitive to heat, temperature increases, friction, impact, and some chemical reaction (Fire Rating 3). Thermal decomposition releases acutely toxic and potentially deadly tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN). Violent reaction or other toxic chemicals may be formed when mixed with strong oxidizers, acids, acyl halides, aldehydes, alkali metals, strong reducing... 

ETHANE HEXACHLORIDE (67-72-1) CjClj Noncombustible solid. Contact with aluminum, cadmium, mercury, hot iron, alkalis, alkali metals forms chloroacetylene gas which is spontaneously explosive in air. Rapidly elevated temperatures may cause ignition or explosion. Liquid attacks some plastics, rubber, and coatings. Decomposes above 367°F/186°C, releasing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride and phosgene. On small fires, use dry chemical powder (such as Purple-K-Powder), foam, or COj extinguishers. A known animal carcinogen. 

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