Sudden release

The notion that complex carbohydrates eHcit a gradual, steady secretion of insulin while sugars cause a sudden release of this hormone accompanied by a rapid drop in blood glucose has fostered the behef that hypoglycemia is affected by sucrose ingestion. However, research does not support this conclusion (63). 

Bond [Min. Eng. (London), 60(1), 63-64 (1968)] reviewed attempts to induce breakage without wastefuUy applying pressure and concluded that inherent practical limitations have been found for the following methods spinning particles, resonant vibration, electro-hydrauhe crushing, induction heating, sudden release of gas pressure, and chisel-effect breakers. For a review of more recent efforts, see edition 6 of this handbook. 

Much of the damage and loss of life in chemical accidents results from the sudden release of material at high pressures which may or may not resiilt from fire. Chemical releases caused by fires and the failure of process equipment and pipelines can form toxic clouds that can be dangerous to people over large areas. 

Pressure Development Overpressure in a UVCE results from turbulence that promotes a sudden release of energy. Tests in the open without obstacles or confining structures do not produce damaging overpressure. Nevertheless, combustion in a vapor cloud within a partially confined space or around turbulence-producing obstacles may generate damaging overpressure. Also, turbulence in a jet release, such as may occur with compressed natural gas discharged from a ruptured pipehne, may result in blast pressure. 

Explosion A rapid or sudden release of energy that causes a pressure discontinuity or blast wave. 

Accidental release An unintended or sudden release of chemicals) from manufacturing, processing, handling, or on-site storage facilities to the air, water, or land. 

At Qatar, the liquid came out with such force that it spilled over the dike wall. Conventional dike walls also have the disadvantage that a large area of liquid is exposed to the atmosphere if a leak occurs. For these reasons it is now usual to surround cryogenic storage tanks with a concrete wall, about 1 m from the tank and the full height of the tank. If the tank is not made from crack-resistant material, then the concrete wall should be designed to withstand the effects of a sudden release of liquid. 

Pulse-jet cleaning (above) uses a controlled blast of compressed air from the primary into the secondary nozzle, which is magnified by induced air being drawn into the bag. The sudden release of air causes the bag to expand fully, throwing the dust from the outer surface. Dislodged dust falls into the collection hopper. At right, types of duty cycles... 

Kirkw ood [30] describes Bleves referenced to flammable liquids as occurring when a confined liquid is heated above its atmospheric boiling point by an external source of heat or fire and is suddenly released by the rupture of the container due to overpressurization by the expanding liquid. A portion of the superheated liquid immediately... 

All fires should be extinguished, fuel lines isolated, valves closed, and lock out/tag out programs implemented to prevent accidents through the sudden release of some form of energy. 

The development of an aerosol of microdroplets of BW into steam at the water/steam interface, caused by the sudden release of pressure under bubbles as the steam they contain is released. Typically, improved steam separation equipment is needed if misting persists in a boiler. 

The increase in volume as gaseous products are formed in a chemical reaction is even larger if several gas molecules are produced from each reactant molecule, such as the formation of CO and CO, from a solid fuel (Fig. 4.17). Lead azide, Pb(N3)2, which is used as a detonator for explosives, suddenly releases a large volume of nitrogen gas when it is struck ... 

The Icw-tenperature 1x2 phase is thermally uistable and explodes exactly at T = 220 K accompanied ty a sudden release of hydrogen in a very narrow TD state (14). This surface e q>losion is epparently associated with the thermal (teocnposition of a H-oontaining surface cotipomd, possibly nickel hydride. 

BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) A blast resulting from the sudden release and nearly instantaneous vaporization of a liquid under greater-than-atmospheric pressure at a temperature above its atmospheric boiling point. The material may be flammable or nonflammable. A BLEVE is often accompanied by a fireball if the contained liquid is flammable and its release results from vessel failure. 

Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions occur when there is a sudden release of vapour, containing liquid droplets, due to the failure of a storage vessel exposed to fire. A serious incident involving the failure of a LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) storage sphere occurred at Feyzin, France, in 1966, when the tank was heated by an external fire fuelled by a leak from the tank see Lees (1996) and Marshall (1987). 

An explosion occurs when energy previously confined is suddenly released to affect the surroundings. Small explosions, like the bursting of a toy balloon, are familiar and innocuous, but large-scale explosions, like an atomic bomb, are rare and usually disastrous. Between these two extremes lie the commercial and conventional military fields where explosions are produced on a limited scale to cause specific effects. It is with explosions of this intermediate scale that this book is concerned. 

Although all explosions are sudden releases of energy, the converse is not true and not all sudden releases of energy are explosions. By common... 

During dropwise addition of the bromide to the liquid alcohol, the mechanical stirrer stopped, presumably allowing a layer of the dense tribromide to accumulate below the alcohol. Later manual shaking caused an explosion, probably owing to the sudden release of gaseous hydrogen bromide on mixing. 

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