Liquid, definition examples

The transport of information from sensors to the central nervous system and of instructions from the central nervous system to the various organs occurs through electric impulses transported by nerve cells (see Fig. 6.17). These cells consist of a body with star-like projections and a long fibrous tail called an axon. While in some molluscs the whole membrane is in contact with the intercellular liquid, in other animals it is covered with a multiple myeline layer which is interrupted in definite segments (nodes of Ranvier). The Na+,K+-ATPase located in the membrane maintains marked ionic concentration differences in the nerve cell and in the intercellular liquid. For example, the squid axon contains 0.05 MNa+, 0.4 mK+, 0.04-0.1 m Cl-, 0.27 m isethionate anion and 0.075 m aspartic acid anion, while the intercellular liquid contains 0.46 m Na+, 0.01 m K+ and 0.054 m Cl-. 

Theoretical trends in the study of suspensions employ concepts and techniques originally developed in connection with theories of liquids, for example, equation hierarchies, closure problems, and Monte Carlo methods. In marked contrast with the definitive achievements reviewed in the previous section, the present section outlines a field currently under active development. 

The strict definition of a phase is any homogeneous and physically distinct region that is separated from another such region by a distinct boundary . For example a glass of water with some ice in it contains one component (the water) exhibiting three phases liquid, solid, and gaseous (the water vapour). The most relevant phases in the oil industry are liquids (water and oil), gases (or vapours), and to a lesser extent, solids. 

The quantity zoi will depend very much on whether adsorption sites are close enough for neighboring adsorbate molecules to develop their normal van der Waals attraction if, for example, zu is taken to be about one-fourth of the energy of vaporization [16], would be 2.5 for a liquid obeying Trouton s rule and at its normal boiling point. The critical pressure P, that is, the pressure corresponding to 0 = 0.5 with 0 = 4, will depend on both Q and T. A way of expressing this follows, with the use of the definitions of Eqs. XVII-42 and XVII-43 [17] ... 

For example, the definition of a system as 10.0 g FI2O at 10.0°C at an applied pressure p= 1.00 atm is sufficient to specify that the water is liquid and that its other properties (energy, density, refractive index, even non-thennodynamic properties like the coefficients of viscosity and themial condnctivify) are uniquely fixed. 

An acid was once defined simply as a substance which produces hydrogen ions, or protons. However, the simple proton, H , is never found under ordinary conditions, and this definition required amendment. Bronsted and, independently, Lowry, therefore redefined an acid as a susbstance able to donate protons to other molecules or ions, and a base as a substance capable of accepting such protons. If we consider hydrogen chloride, HCl, as an example, the HCl molecule is essentially covalent, and hydrogen chloride (gas or liquid) contains no protons. But anhydrous hydrogen chloride in benzene will react with anhydrous ammonia ... 

An absolutely scientific definition of the term essential cr volatile oils is hardly possible, but for all practical purposes they may be defined as odoriferous bodies of an oily nature obtained almost exclusively from vegetable sources, generally liquid (sometimes semi-solid or solid) at ordinary temperatures, and volatile without decomposition. This definition must be accepted within the ordinary limitations which are laid down by the common acceptation of the words, which will make themselves apparent in the sequel, and show that no more restricted definition is either advantageous or possible. Many essential oils, for example, are partially decomposed when distilled by themselves, and some even when steam distilled. 

The first example of homogeneous transition metal catalysis in an ionic liquid was the platinum-catalyzed hydroformylation of ethene in tetraethylammonium trichlorostannate (mp. 78 °C), described by Parshall in 1972 (Scheme 5.2-1, a)) [1]. In 1987, Knifton reported the ruthenium- and cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation of internal and terminal alkenes in molten [Bu4P]Br, a salt that falls under the now accepted definition for an ionic liquid (see Scheme 5.2-1, b)) [2]. The first applications of room-temperature ionic liquids in homogeneous transition metal catalysis were described in 1990 by Chauvin et al. and by Wilkes et ak. Wilkes et al. used weekly acidic chloroaluminate melts and studied ethylene polymerization in them with Ziegler-Natta catalysts (Scheme 5.2-1, c)) [3]. Chauvin s group dissolved nickel catalysts in weakly acidic chloroaluminate melts and investigated the resulting ionic catalyst solutions for the dimerization of propene (Scheme 5.2-1, d)) [4]. 

The material that makes up the universe is known as matter. Matter is defined as any substance that occupies space and has weight. Matter exists in three states solid, liquid, and gas. Each has distinguishing characteristics. Solids have a defined volume and a definite shape. Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of their containing vessels. Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. Gases not only take the shape of the containing vessel, but also expand to fill the vessel, regardless of its volume. Examples of the states of matter are iron, water, and air. 

In general, it is fair to state that one of the major difficulties in interpreting, and consequently in establishing definitive tests of, corrosion phenomena in fused metal or salt environments is the large influence of very small, and therefore not easily controlled, variations in solubility, impurity concentration, temperature gradient, etc. . For example, the solubility of iron in liquid mercury is of the order of 5 x 10 at 649°C, and static tests show iron and steel to be practically unaltered by exposure to mercury. Nevertheless, in mercury boiler service, severe operating difficulties were encountered owing to the mass transfer of iron from the hot to the cold portions of the unit. Another minute variation was found substantially to alleviate the problem the presence of 10 ppm of titanium in the mercury reduced the rate of attack to an inappreciable value at 650°C as little as 1 ppm of titanium was similarly effective at 454°C . 

As examples of properties of systems satisfying the conditions of definiteness at a particular temperature and of reversion, we may refer to the electrical resistance of a metal wire the electromotive force of a thermocouple with a fixed temperature at the cold junction the volume of a homogeneous gaseous, liquid, or... 

Vapor pressure, which is the tendency of a liquid to release vapors to the surrounding area, goes down as MW increases but goes up as temperatures rise. By definition, the more volatile a liquid, the higher its vapor pressure and the lower its boiling point. Examples are ... 

The Bronsted definitions of acids and bases are more general than the Arrhenius definitions they also apply to species in nonaqueous solvents and even to gas-phase reactions. For example, when pure acetic acid is added to liquid ammonia, proton transfer takes place and the following equilibrium is reached ... 

Matter can also be categorized into three distinct phases solid, liquid, and gas. An object that is solid has a definite shape and volume that cannot be changed easily. Trees, automobiles, ice, and coffee mugs are all in the solid phase. Matter that is liquid has a definite volume but changes shape quite easily. A liquid flows to take on the shape of its container. Gasoline, water, and cooking oil are examples of common liquids. Solids and liquids are termed condensed phases because of their well-defined volumes. A gas has neither specific shape nor constant volume. A gas expands or contracts as its container expands or contracts. Helium balloons are filled with helium gas, and the Earth s atmosphere is made up of gas that flows continually from place to place. Molecular pictures that illustrate the three phases of matter appear in Figure 1-12. 

This definition of electrochemistry disregards systems in which nonequilibrium charged species are produced by external action in insulators for example, by electric discharge in the gas phase (electrochemistry of gases) or upon irradiation of liquid and sohd dielectrics (radiation chemistry). At the same time, electrochemistry deals with certain problems often associated with other fields of science, such as the structure and properties of sohd electrolytes and the kinetics of ioific reactions in solutions. 

The choice of capacity is sometimes a problem, and may change according to the particular circumstance. Sometimes using a definition of time constant, based on the above equations, is not very helpful and other means must be employed. For example, mixing time is a very important time constant relating to liquid mixing, and this is best obtained directly from empirical correlations of experimental data. 

Thermodynamics describes the behaviour of systems in terms of quantities and functions of state, but cannot express these quantities in terms of model concepts and assumptions on the structure of the system, inter-molecular forces, etc. This is also true of the activity coefficients thermodynamics defines these quantities and gives their dependence on the temperature, pressure and composition, but cannot interpret them from the point of view of intermolecular interactions. Every theoretical expression of the activity coefficients as a function of the composition of the solution is necessarily based on extrathermodynamic, mainly statistical concepts. This approach makes it possible to elaborate quantitatively the theory of individual activity coefficients. Their values are of paramount importance, for example, for operational definition of the pH and its potentiometric determination (Section 3.3.2), for potentiometric measurement with ion-selective electrodes (Section 6.3), in general for all the systems where liquid junctions appear (Section 2.5.3), etc. 

Hazardous waste identification begins with an obvious point in order for any material to be a hazardous waste, it must first be a waste. However, deciding whether an item is or is not a waste is not always easy. For example, a material (like an aluminum can) that one person discards could seem valuable to another person who recycles that material. U.S. EPA therefore developed a set of regulations to assist in determining whether a material is a waste. RCRA uses the term solid waste in place of the common term waste. Under RCRA, the term solid waste means any waste, whether it is a solid, semisolid, or liquid. The first section of the RCRA hazardous waste identification regulations focuses on the definition of solid waste. For this chapter, you need only understand in general terms the role that the definition of solid waste plays in the RCRA hazardous waste identification process. 

---