Volume defined

Flammable Limits The minimum and maximum concentration of fuel vapor or gas in a fuel vapor or gas/gaseous oxidant mixture (usually expressed in percent hy volume) defining the concentration range (flammable or explosive range) over which propagation of flame will occur on contact with an ignition source. See also Lower Flammable Limit and Upper Flammable Limit. 

The idea of optimal conjugation can be extended by using multiple deformable mirrors-this is referred to as multi-conjugate AO or MCAO. Again, the question arises as to the optimal altitudes of the deformable mirrors. Toko-vinin et al. (2000) showed that if the turbulence in the volume defined by fhe field of view and fhe felescope aperfure is perfectly known, then the isoplanatic error in an MCAO system with M deformable mirrors is given by... 

The net retention volume and the specific retention volume, defined in Table 1.1, are important parameters for determining physicochemical constants from gas chromatographic data [9,10,32]. The free energy, enthalpy, and. entropy of nixing or solution, and the infinite dilution solute activity coefficients can be determined from retention measurements. Measurements are usually made at infinite dilution (Henry s law region) in which the value of the activity coefficient (also the gas-liquid partition coefficient) can be assumed to have a constant value. At infinite dilution the solute molecules are not sufficiently close to exert any mutual attractions, and the environment of each may be considered to consist entirely of solvent molecules. The activity... 

Now an equivalent circuit, which takes into account both the ion transport along the TC and the charge transfer through the carbon electrode material to the current collector, may be represented as in Fig. 2, wherein N = a(c)/4r, Cm and Rm are the total NP capacitance and resistance in a unit electrode volume (defined here as a product of a unit electrode area and the tier thickness), Re is the electrical resistance of an electrode in the same unit... 

Consider again a reaction represented by A +. .. - products taking place in a single-stage CSTR (Figure 2.3(a)). The general balance equation, 1.5-1, written for A with a control volume defined by the volume of fluid in the reactor, becomes... 

Consider the control volume defined by the dashed lines in C. Employ Equation (3.23) ... 

VA= volume defined by spheroid with radius (A) VB= volume defined by spheroid with radius (B)... 

The volume defined by the depth of the evanescent wave in the area defined by the image plane diaphragm of a microscope can be extremely... 

A level of probability is usually expressed as a percentage. Therefore, the contour line in Figure 3.14B defines an area that represents 95 percent of the probability graph. This two-dimensional shape is given three dimensions in Figure 3.14C. What this means is that, at any time, there is a 95 percent chance of finding the electron within the volume defined by the spherical contour. 

Greenidge, P.A., Carlsson, B., Biadh, L.G., and Gillner, M. Pharmacophores incorporating numerous excluded volumes defined by x-ray crystallographic structure in three-dimensional database searching application to the thyroid hormone receptor./. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 2503-2512. 

The MOLWT-II program calculates the molecular weight of species in retention volume v(M(v)), where v is one of 256 equivalent volumes defined by a convenient data acquisition time which spans elution of the sample. I oment of the molecular weight distribution (e.g., Mz. Mw. Mn ) are calculated from summation across the chromatogram. Along with injected mass and chromatographic data, such as the flow rate and LALLS instruments constants, one needs to supply a value for the optical constant K (Equation la), and second virial coefficient Ag (Equation 1). The value of K was calculated for each of the samples after determination of the specific refractive index increment (dn/dc) for the sample in the appropriate solvent. Values of Ag were derived from off-line (static) determinations of Mw. 

Let us consider a water volume defined by two river cross sections at x and x + dx, respectively. As a starting point, we assume that the mean total (dissolved plus sorbed) concentration of a chemical i in the water of this slice of the river, Ct(x), is controlled by only two types of processes (1) in-situ production or consumption of the chemical, R and (2) fluxes at the water surface or at the sediment-water interface, T ... 

The spatial domain is divided into discrete volumes defined by a mesh. The values of the independent variable, f are given at the mesh points, or nodes, by fj. The value of the dependent variable w in the volume surrounding the node is presumed to be represented by the value at the node, wj. The volume surrounding each node extends midway to the neighboring node that is, the radial extent of the volume extends from fj-1/2 to 77+1/2, where fj+i/2 = fj + /7+1). 

Since all substrate is consumed in the thin layer, we can assume that the layer has a flat geometry. Consider a control volume defined by the element at r with thickness dr, as shown in Figure 3.7. 

The water exchange mechanism can be assessed by determining the activation volume, AV, from variable pressure 170 transverse relaxation measurements [31]. The activation volume, defined as the difference between the partial molar volume of the transition state and the reactants, is related to the pressure dependence of the exchange rate constant through Eq. (22) ... 

This equation acknowledges that real molecules have size. They have an exclusion volume, defined as the region around the molecule from which the centre of any other molecule is excluded. This is allowed for by the constant b, which is usually taken as equal to half the molar exclusion volume. The equation also recognizes the existence of a sphere of influence around each molecule, an interaction volume within which any other molecule will experience a force of attraction. This force is usually represented by a Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential. The derivation below follows a simpler treatment (Flowers Mendoza 1970) in which the potential is taken as a square-well function as deep as the Lennard-Jones minimum (figure 2a). Its width x is chosen to give the same volume-integral, and defines an interaction volume Vx around the molecule, which will contain the centre of any molecule in the square well. This form of molecular pair potential then appears in the Van der Waals equation as the constant a, equal to half the product of the molar interaction volume and the molar interaction energy. 

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