Star-like

The sources must be as massive as possible (star-like objects). 

As a result of this process, star-like polymers have been produced with a wide range of molecular weights [91]. 

Figure 1.55. The relationships between the concentration product, (Ba " )i(S04 )i, at the initiation of barite precipitation, and morphologies of barite crystals (Shikazono, 1994). The dashed line represents the boundary between dendritic barite crystals and well-formed rhombohedral, rectangular, and polyhedral barite crystals. The 150°C data are from Shikazono (1994) the others from other investigations. D dendritic (spindle-like, rodlike, star-like, cross-like) barite Dp feather-like dendritic barite W well-formed rectangular, rhombohedral, and polyhedral barite. The boundary between the diffusion-controlled mechanism (Di) and the surface reaction mechanism (S) for barite precipitation at 25°C estimated by Nielsen (1958) The solubility product for barite in 1 molal NaCl solution at 150°C based on data by Helgeson (1969) and Blount (1977). A-B The solubility product for barite in 1 molal NaCl solution from 25 to 150°C based on data by Helgeson (1969).

It is usually believed that the growth of dendritic crystals is controlled by a bulk diffusion-controlled process which is defined as a process controlled by a transportation of solute species by diffusion from the bulk of aqueous solution to the growing crystals (e.g., Strickland-Constable, 1968 Liu et al., 1976). The appearances of feather- and star-like dendritic shapes indicate that the concentrations of pertinent species (e.g., Ba +, SO ) in the solution are highest at the corners of crystals. The rectangular (orthorhombic) crystal forms are generated where the concentrations of solute species are approximately the same for all surfaces but it cannot be homogeneous when the consumption rate of solute is faster than the supply rate by diffusion (Nielsen, 1958). 

Several morphologies of dendritic barite, such as feather-like, rod-like, spindlelike, star-like, and cross-like crystals have been recognized when the (niQ. 2+)i(msoj )i values were considerably higher than the equilibrium values, although no detailed studies have been made on the relationship between the various morphologies of dendritic barites and the degree of supersaturation. 

The transport of information from sensors to the central nervous system and of instructions from the central nervous system to the various organs occurs through electric impulses transported by nerve cells (see Fig. 6.17). These cells consist of a body with star-like projections and a long fibrous tail called an axon. While in some molluscs the whole membrane is in contact with the intercellular liquid, in other animals it is covered with a multiple myeline layer which is interrupted in definite segments (nodes of Ranvier). The Na+,K+-ATPase located in the membrane maintains marked ionic concentration differences in the nerve cell and in the intercellular liquid. For example, the squid axon contains 0.05 MNa+, 0.4 mK+, 0.04-0.1 m Cl-, 0.27 m isethionate anion and 0.075 m aspartic acid anion, while the intercellular liquid contains 0.46 m Na+, 0.01 m K+ and 0.054 m Cl-. 

As a particular highlight in the V-oxide-Rh(l 11) phase diagram, we mention the spontaneous formation of quasi-zero-dimensional V-oxide clusters, which are illustrated in Figure 6.9a and b [4,19]. These star-like clusters form at very low V coverages... 

The fourth method, astronomical measurement, is (like the Doppler method) based on the observation and measurement of tiny motions of a star which are due to the mass(es) of the orbiting planet(s). A primary goal of the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) is the discovery of planets similar to Earth, which orbit around stars like the sun. The SIM is due to start in 2009, and the measurements carried out will increase the accuracy of determinations of distances of stars in our galaxy several hundred times. Exact information can be found in the catalogue which forms part... 

The scope of the SH reaction encompasses sp-sp2 (alkenyl, aryl (29),143 heteroaryl) and sp-sp couplings (the modified Cadiot-Chodkiewicz reaction).142 Iodides are most frequently used as electrophilic coupling partners, though the use of bromides, triflates (30),144 or even some reactive chlorides (31)145 is also possible. Due to the low steric bulk of the acetylenic unit, as well as its exceptional ability in the transduction of electronic effects, the SH reaction is well suited for construction of new (e.g., star-like) molecular architectures through polysubstitution (32).146... 

A very good example is the conductance of a dianthra[a,c]naphtacene starphenelike molecule presented in Fig. 20, interacting with three metallic nano-pads. The EHMO-NESQC T(E) transmission spectrum per tunnel junction looks like a standard conjugated molecule T(E) with well-identified molecular orbitals and their resonances. For the Fig. 20 case all the T(E) are the same. One can note a small deviation after the LUMO resonance, due to a little asymmetry in the adsorption site between the three branches on the nano-pads [127]. A lot of asymmetric star-like three-molecular-branches system can be constructed, in particular in reference to chemical composition of the central node. This had been analyzed in detail [60]. But in this case, each molecule becomes a peculiar case. The next section presents one application of this central-node case to construct molecule OR and molecule XOR logic gates. 

This gives rise to absorption in the Lyman (A < 912 A), Balmer (A < 3646 A), Paschen (A < 8208 A) etc. continua, together with free-free transitions of electrons passing by protons, which dominate in the infrared. In cooler stars like the Sun... 

Another important deviation from constancy in the abundance ratio of elements supposed to be primary is displayed by the ratios Fe/O and [Tc/a-elements in stars, which increase systematically with [Fe/H] (Figs. 8.5,8.6). This is usually attributed to the existence of a substantial contribution to the production of iron found in the younger, more metal-rich stars (like the Sun) by SN la, which take times of the order of a Gyr to complete their evolution and therefore cannot be treated... 

Figure 10.7 (a) Horizontal cross-section of a thermopile showing a star-like arrangement of the thermocouples and (b) voltage signal from a typical experimental run. 

Star-like PFs 236 with a silsesquioxane core have been prepared by Ni-mediated copolymerization of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctylfluorene with octa(2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)octasilses-quioxane [333]. The polymer is thermally stable up to 424°C (TGA). In both chloroform solution and films, its absorption and PL spectra are very close to that for PFO 196, although a somewhat higher PL efficiency is observed in films (64 and 55%, respectively). The polymer 236, however, demonstrates a better PL color stability during thermal annealing. An ITO/PEDOT/236/Ca/Ag device can be turned on at 6.0 V, and shows a brightness of 5430 cd/m2 (at 8.8 V) with F] =0.44%, almost twice as high as that for the corresponding PFO device (Chart 2.60). 

Ma et al. at PPG recently applied for patents on a series of iridium star-like bidentate complexes [300], Examples of two such green dopants are shown in Scheme 3.82 (254, 255). OLEDs fabricated using the dopants showed green emission with higher EQE and enhanced stability compared with a similar Ir(ppy)3-based device. 

It is quite likely to find dense quark matter inside compact stars like neutron stars. However, when we study the quark matter in compact stars, we need to take into account not only the charge and color neutrality of compact stars and but also the mass of the strange quark, which is not negligible at the intermediate density. By the neutrality condition and the strange quark mass, the quarks with different quantum numbers in general have different chemical potentials and different Fermi momenta. When the difference in the chemical potential becomes too large the Cooper-pairs breaks or other exotic phases like kaon condensation or crystalline phase is more preferred to the BCS phase. 

Nowadays it is widely accepted that there should be realized various phases of QCD in temperature (T) - density (ftp,) plane. When we emphasize the low T and high pp region, the subjects are sometimes called physics of high-density QCD. The main purposes in this field should be to figure out the properties of phase transitions and new phases, and to extract their symmetry breaking pattern and low-energy excitation modes there on the basis of QCD. On the other hand, these studies have phenomenological implications on relativistic heavy-ion collisions and compact stars like neutron stars or quark stars. 

Besides the crust and the hadron shell, the hybrid star contains also a quark core. Both the nucleon shell and the quark core can be in superconducting phases, in dependence on the value of the temperature. Fluctuations affect transport coefficients, specific heat, emissivity, masses of low-lying excitations and respectively electromagnetic properties of the star, like electroconductivity and magnetic field structure, e.g., renormalizing critical values of the magnetic field (/ ,, Hc, Hc2). 

Depending on substrate orientation and formation condition, individual pores may have different shapes. The shape of the pores formed on (100) substrate is a square bounded by 011 planes with comers pointing to the <100> directions.14,77 The shape of individual pores formed on n-Si tends to change from circular to square to star-like and to dendrite-like with increasing potential.20 Low formation voltage tends to favour circular shape while high voltage favours star-like shape. Near perfect square shape of pores can be obtained for the PS formed on n-Si under certain conditions. 

The shape of pores can be square, dendritic, circular, and star-like. 

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