Liquid, definition

At low liquid rates, the onset of instability occurs at a constant value of the total superficial velocity, and is predictable from holdup and flooding data for wetted wall columns. As liquid flow rates increase, Nicklin and Davidson predict that unstable flow begins at lower values of the gas flow rate. For high liquid flow rates, however, the slug length becomes important, and the unstable flow will begin at higher values of gas flow rate. Therefore, a definite liquid flow rate exists at which an unstable flow pattern appears with a minimum gas flow rate. 

Oldershaw column. An all-glass perforated-plate column. The plates are sealed into a tube, each plate being equipped with a baffle to direct the flow of reflux liquid, and a raised outlet which maintains a definite liquid level on the plate and also serves as a drain on to the next lower plate [see Oldershaw Ind Eng Chem (Anal Ed) 11 265 1941]. 

Nitro- 2-, 4, 5 6- chlorotoluenes (Ref 2) and 4-Nitro- 2- 3- chlorotoluenes(Ref 3). All are low melting cryst solids, except 3-Nitro-4-chloro 4-Nitro-3-chlorotoluenes which are definitely liquids at RT... 

The present authors found another pyrolysis mechanism leading to optical anisotropy (10), in which no definite liquid phase was observable during the carbonization. In some carbonaceous substances, such as semi-anthracite coal, optical anisotropy over broad regions develops promptly at certain temperatures from the highly viscous stage. The component layers appear to be stacked, and are rearranged by heat-treatment to show optical anisotropy. Such a mechanism can be called the "preordered layer-transformation mechanism". 

However, the intrinsic features of black films require new investigation techniques and, in some cases, new theories for the explanation of their stability, in particular for bilayer films. In the behaviour of the latter the short-range molecular interactions prove to be of major importance. The definition liquid is hardly valid for bilayers. They possess higher degree of ordering similar to that of smectic liquid crystals. 

The losses with the filtrate were determined under static conditions a foam with a known volume was prepared from a definite liquid volume in a separate cell this foam was then dried in the same cell by increasing the pressure to Ap = 1.6 kPa [25,67]. Variations in... 

E480 Roberts, R.T., Alexander, N.M. and Kelner, M.J. (1988). Definitive liquid-chromatographic demonstration that A-ethylglycine is the metabolite of lidocaine that interferes in the Kodak sarcosine oxidase-coupled method for creatinine. Clin. Chem. 34, 2569-2572. 

It is of considerable interest to use the electron bubble as a probe for elementary excitations in finite boson quantum systems—that is, ( He)jy clusters [99, 128, 208, 209, 243-245]. These clusters are definitely liquid down to 0 K [46 9] and, on the basis of quantum path integral simulations [65, 155], were theoretically predicted (see Chapter II) to undergo a rounded-off superfluid phase transition already at surprising small cluster sizes [i.e., Amin = 8-70 (Table VI)], where the threshold size for superfluidity and/or Bose-Einstein condensation can be property-dependent (Section II.D). The size of the ( He)jy clusters employed in the experiments of Toennies and co-workers [242-246] and of Northby and coworkers [208, 209] (i.e., N lO -lO ) are considerably larger than Amin- In this large cluster size domain the X point temperature depression is small [199], that is, (Tx — 2 X 10 — 2 X 10 for V = lO -lO. Thus for the current... 

The vapors rising through the rectifying section are completely condensed in condenser C, and the condensate is collected in accumulator D, in which a definite liquid level is maintained. Reflux pump F takes liquid from the accumulator and delivers it to the top plate of the tower. This liquid stream is called reflux. It provides the downflowing liquid in the rectifying section that is needed to act on the upflowing vapor. Without the reflux no rectification would occur in the rectifying section and the concentration of the overhead product would be no... 

The specific rate of oxygen transfer per unit of liquid membrane area seems to be quite reasonable. However, methods to form and utilize effectively much smaller diameter liquid membranes, perhaps similar to those used in other liquid membrane applications, would be required to obtain enough membrane area per unit blood volume for a practical blood oxygenator. The stability of the liquid membranes does not seem to be a major problem however, more definitive liquid membrane stability information would be required before the blood oxygenator application. 

Experimentally it appears that at least two possible manifestations of the two residual phases predicted above can exist. These are two liquid phases separated by a definite liquid/liquid interface or one liquid pha and one... 

The environmental boundaries of a liquid metal system are set by the containment material. This material may experience other types of corrosion on the exterior surface (of pipe or tubing for example), but it isolates the liquid metal from interaction with any external atmosphere. This specification of "contained and isolated" sets the limits for the liquid metal corrosion system. Other more genercJ areas of liquid metal/metal interaction, such as that produced when, for example, liquid steel or aluminum come into contact with materials employed in their production, are excluded by this definition. Liquid metal embrittlement will not be addressed. Information on this topic can be found elsewhere [1-3]. 

IC-MS has also been applied for the characterization of ionic liquids (IL) and for the investigation of their long-term stability under process-like conditions. The term ionic liquid commonly refers to a class of molten salts that are by definition liquid below 100 °C. They usually consist of bulky organic cations such as alkylated imidazole, pyrrole, or pyridine derivatives, or quatemized alkyl amines and alkyl phosphines. Common counterions are halides, alkyl sulfates, fluorinated hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, or amino acids [268]. The physical and chemical properties of ILs are customizable by different cation-anion combinations and by the length of the alkyl chain of the cation. Depending on the... 

Fig. 7.1 Density of states (DOS) for different semiconducting behaviour, a Bandgap in a crystalline semiconductor, b A semi-metaUic liquid where Ef is located in a minimum in the DOS. c A narrow definition liquid semiconductor where Ef is located in a minimum consisting of localized states, d A narrow definition liquid semiconductor because n(E) = 0 where Ef is located...

Since, as mentioned in the Introduction, helium droplets are definitely liquid they possess the remarkable ability to pick up all molecules which they encounter as they move through the apparatus. Because of their large size the pick up cross sections are of the order of the geometrically predicted area of 10 -10. This, of course, means that the residual vacuum has... 

The vaporization line in the phase diagram is a plot of the Clapeyron equation or the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Notice, however, that this line ends at a particular pressure and temperature, as shown in Figure 6.5. It is the only line that doesn t have an arrow on its end to indicate that it continues. That s because beyond a certain point, the liquid phase and the gas phase become indistinguishable. This point is called the critical point of the substance. The pressure and temperature at that point are called the critical pressure pQ and critical temperature Tc- For H2O, pQ and Tq are 218 atm and 374°C. Above that temperature, no pressure can force the H2O molecules into a definite liquid state. If the H2O in the system exerts a pressure higher than pQ, then it cannot exist as a definite liquid or gas. (It can exist as a solid if the temperature is low enough.) The state of the H2O is called supercritical. Supercritical phases are important in some industrial and scientific processes. In particular, there is a technique called... 

---