Ligaments

Let us consider that equivalent planar OSD are completely characterized by a parameter vector p = where I is the ligament (the distance between the bottom of the OSD and the... 

Joints are stmcturaHy unique. They permit bodily movement and are bound together by fibrous tissues known as ligaments. Most larger joints are encapsulated in a bursa sac and surrounded by synovial fluid which lubricates the joint continuously to reduce friction. The skeleton is constmcted of various types of moveable joints. Some joints allow for no movement, such as those connecting the bones of the skull. Other joints permit only limited movement. For example, the joints of the spine allow limited movement in several directions. Most joints have a greater range of motion than the joints of the skull and spine. 

Tendons are composed of fibrous connective tissue. Tendon tissue is also formed by the fibroblast ceUs, similar to the way ligaments are formed. These fibroblast ceUs then further differentiate into other specialized ceUs known as fibrocytes. Mature fibrocytes are inactive and compose the ceUular portion of tendons. The function of the tendon is to attach muscles to bones and other parts. 

Soft Tissue Injuries. Some of the more common soft tissue injuries are sprains, strains, contusions, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress injuries, caused by damaged tendons, muscles, and ligaments. A sprain is a soft tissue injury to the ligaments. Certain sprains are often associated with small fractures. This type of injury is normally associated with a localized trauma event. The severity of the sprain depends on how much of the ligament is torn and to what extent the ligament is detached from the bone. The areas of the human body that are most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees, and wrists. 

A sprained ankle is the most frequent injury. The recommended treatment for a simple sprain is usually rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE). If a ligament is tom, however, surgery may be required to repair the injury. 

A contusion is an injury to soft tissue in which the skin is not penetrated, but swelling of broken blood vessels causes a bmise. The bmise is caused by a blow of excessive force to muscle, tendon, or ligament tissue. A bmise, also known as a hematoma, is caused when blood coagulates around the injury causing swelling and discoloring skin. Most contusions are mild and respond well to rest, ice, compression, and elevation of the injured area. 

A bursa, a sac filled with fluid located around a principal joint, is lined with a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid. This fluid minimizes friction between the tendon and the bone, or between tendon and ligament. Repeated small stresses and ovemse can cause the bursa in the shoulder, hip, knee, or ankle to swell. This swelling and irritation is referred to as bursitis. Some patients experience bursitis in association with tendonitis. Bursitis can usually be reheved by rest and in some cases by using antiinflammatory medications. Some orthopedic surgeons also inject the bursa with additional medication to reduce the inflammation. 

The theory has beea exteaded to evaluate sheet breakup (19). This model (19) assumes that the fastest growing wave detaches at the leading edge ia the form of a ribboa with a width of a half-waveleagth. The ribboa ioimediately coatracts iato multiple ligaments, which subsequeatly reshape themselves iato spherical droplets. The characteristic dimension of the ligament, Dy is as foUows, where / is the sheet thickness at the breakup locatioa. 

Hollow-Cone Sprays. In swid atomizers, the Hquid emerges from the exit orifice ia the form of a cooical sheet. As the Hquid sheet spreads radially outward, aerodyaamic iastabiHty ioimediately takes place and leads to the formation of waves which subsequently disiategrate iato ligaments and droplets. Figure 3 illustrates the breakup process ia an annular Hquid sheet. 

Deflection rarely operates as the sole toughening mechanism in a system, although its contribution in some systems may be significant. Crack deflection, however, is a major aspect of bridge formation processes that leads to toughening via bridging ligaments. 

Liquid-Sheet Breakup The basic principle of most hydraulic atomizers is to form a thin sheet that breaks via a variety of mechanisms to form ligaments of liquid which in turn yield chains of droplets. See Fig. 14-86. 

Further differences from hydraulic nozzles (controlled by sheet and ligament breakup) are the stronger increase in drop size with increasing surface tension and decreasing gas density. 

Band, m. volume binding.—n. band ribbon, tape, strap, strip, belt, hoop hinge bond, tie, ligament, -achst, m. banded agate, ribbon agate. 

Knochen-asche,/. bone ash. -band, n. (Anat.) ligament. 

E = Joint efficiency in cylindrical or spherical shells or ligaments between openings (see ASME Code Par.lJW-12 or UG-53) e = natural logarithm base, e = 2.718 e, = TNT equivalent (explosion) (see Table 7-26)... 

Endoprosthesis A permanent prosthesis used wholly within the body, e.g. as a replacement for a bone, a joint, a tendon or a ligament. 

Postmastectomy reconstruction Artificial hip. knee 18. Artificial finger, toe joints Tom ligaments Natural-action Seattle Foot Aorta... 

The epidural space surrounds the dura mater of the spinal cord. It is bounded by the pedicles of the vertebral arches and by the anterior and posterior ligaments connecting the bony vertebral column. The epidural space contains nerve roots, fat, and blood vessels. 

Bercovy, M., Goutallier, D., Voisin, M. C., Geiger, D., Blanquaert, D., Gaudichet, A., and Patte, D., Carbon-PGLA prostheses for ligament reconstruction. Experimental basis and short-term results in man, Clin. Orthop., 196, 159, 1985,... 

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