Vertebral column

Riicken-. back, dorsal, spinal, -ansicht./. rear view, -bein, n. backbone, spine, -mark, n. spinal cord, -saule, /. vertebral column, -seite, /. back side, back, rear, -weh, n. lumbago, -wirbel, m. dorsal vertebra. 

Ruck-gewinnung,/. recovery reclaiming regeneration. -gltihung, /. Metal.) drawing, tempering. -grat, m. vertebral column, spine. 

Wirbel-sdule, /. vertebral column, -strom, m. whirlpool Elec.) eddy current, -stromimg, /. vortex motion, turbulent flow, -stuim, m. tornado cyclone, -tier, n. vertebrate. Wirbelung, /. whirling, etc. (see wirbeln) vortex motion. 

The epidural space surrounds the dura mater of the spinal cord. It is bounded by the pedicles of the vertebral arches and by the anterior and posterior ligaments connecting the bony vertebral column. The epidural space contains nerve roots, fat, and blood vessels. 

The kidneys lie outside the peritoneal cavity in the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of the vertebral column, slightly above the waistline. In the adult human, each kidney is approximately 11 cm long, 6 cm wide, and 3 cm thick. These organs are divided into two regions the inner renal medulla and the outer renal cortex. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron (see Figure 19.1 and Figure 19.2). Approximately 1 million nephrons are in each kidney. The nephron has two components ... 

Intrathecal (IT) Into the subarachnoid space between two of the membranes (meninges) separating the spinal cord from the vertebral column. This route is used for drugs that do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, but which are required for their central action (e.g., antibiotics). Drugs can also be injected spinally (into the epidural space) for local anaesthesia or analgesia. 

Fig. 4. Artist s drawing of the stimulator, silicone rubber tube or guidance channel, and the electrical circuit within the spinal cord. The tube was implanted into the dorsal spinal cord. The uninsulated tip of the cathodal electrode (negative) was sealed within the center of the tube, while the anodal electrode (positive) remained outside the vertebral column, sutured to paravertebral musculature. The body of the stimulator was surgically placed within the fat pad at the base of the guinea-pig s neck. To complete a circuit, current must flow initially into each end of the hollow tube as diagrammed. For diagrammatic purposes, the drawing is not made to scale. [Reproduced with permission from Borgens (1999).]...

In the cladoceran Daphnia magna, about 90% of the total body lead burden is adsorbed to the exoskeleton (Berglind et al. 1985). In animals with a vertebral column, total amounts of lead tend to increase with age. By far the most lead is bound to the skeleton, especially in areas of active bone formation (Barth et al. 1973 Tsuchiya 1979 USEPA 1980 Hejtmancik et al. 1982 Mykkanen etal. 1982 Peter and Strunc 1983 De Michele 1984 Eisler 1984 Berglind etal. 1985 Marcus 1985). The retention of lead stored in bone pools poses a number of difficulties for the usual multicompartmental loss-rate models. Some lead in bones of high medullary content, such as the... 

Other nerve structures are also subject to variation. The position in the vertebral column at which the spinal cord terminates varies over three full vertebrae, and no standard terminal position exists. The positions at which various nerves enter the spinal cord likewise vary from individual to individual. About 15 per cent of the population do not have a "direct pyramidal" nerve tract in the spinal cord. Most human beings have 31 pairs of spinal nerves corresponding to 30 vertebrae some, however, have 32 and some 33 pairs, corresponding to 31 and 32 vertebrae, respectively. Most people have two splanchnic nerves (sympathetic nerves to the digestive system), but occasional individuals have three. In some individuals the sciatic nerve is so embedded that it is always fully protected in others, the pathway of the nerve is such that injury is very likely to occur. 

The spinal cord is the major route of input and output for the centrai nervous system. It is covered by the meninges and sits within the vertebral column. There are 31 pairs of spinai nerves, exiting at the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord. The spinal cord is divided into four levels (superior to inferior) cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. A cross section of the spinal cord shows a butterflyshaped core of gray matter (neuronal soma), and an outer surrounding area of white matter (axon tracts). 

Data from one escolar-associated outbreak found no correlation between BMI, age, health status, and amount of fish consumed to the severity and occurrence of symptoms, while other factors, such as variability in wax ester content in different fillet cut depths, could be relevant (Yohannes et al., 2002). Unlike some fish species, such as herring, which have uniform muscle oil content along the body (Brandes and Dietrich, 1953), muscle oil content in escolar and oilfish is not evenly distributed. Bone (1972) found that muscle oil content in oilfish increases from 14.5% (near vertebral column) to 24.7% (near the skin). A similar trend was also observed by Ruiz-Gutierrez et al. (1997) with higher oil content found in subcutaneous muscles than the periosteum. However, the lipid profile for... 

Because sympathetic ganglia lie close to the vertebral column, sympathetic preganglionic hbers are generally short. Postganghonic hbers are generally long, since they arise in vertebral ganglia and must travel to the innervated effector cells. There are exceptions to... 

Skull Ribs Sternum Vertebral column Shoulder girdle Pelvic girdle Forelimbs Hindlimbs ... 

Repeat examination of vertebral column from dorsal aspect. 

Central neural blockade. The anesthetic is injected within the spaces surrounding the spinal cord10 (Fig. 12-2). Specifically, the term epidural nerve blockade refers to injection of the drug into the epidural space—that is, the space between the bony vertebral column and the dura mater. A variation of epidural administration known as a caudal block is sometimes performed by injecting the local anesthetic into the lumbar epidural space via the sacral hiatus (see Fig. 12-2). Spinal nerve blockade refers to injection within the subarachnoid space— that is, the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. Spinal blockade is also referred to as intrathecal anesthesia because the drug is injected within the tissue sheaths surrounding the spinal cord (intrathecal means within a sheath see Chapter 2). 

Epidural nerve block Administration of local anesthesia into the spinal canal between the bony vertebral column and the dura mater (i.e., the injection does not penetrate the spinal membranes but remains above the dura). 

Somite block-like mass of mesoderm alongside neural tube forms vertebral column and segmental musculature... 

---