Ligaments regeneration

The pleiotropic functions of the BMPs/ OPs have been further shown after their implantation in furcation defects prepared in adult primates Papio ursinus [43, 44, 46, 47]. Undecalcified semi-thin sections of furcation defects of the chacma baboon Papio ursinus treated with doses of highly purified bone-derived BM Ps/OPs showed not only alveolar bone but also cementogenesis and periodontal ligament regeneration, the essential ingredients to engineer periodontal tissue regeneration [44, 46, 48] (Fig. 3). 

H.H. Lu, J.A. Cooper Jr., S. Manuel, J.W. Freeman, M.A. Attawia, F.K. Ko, C.T. Laurencin, Anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using braided biodegradable scaffolds in vitro optimization studies. Biomaterials 26 (23) (2005) 4805-4816. 

Lu HH, Cooper JA, Manuel S et al. Anterior crudate ligament regeneration using braided biodegradable scaffolds in vitro optimization studies. Biomaterials. 2005 26 4805-4816. 

Fan, H., Liu, H., Wong, E.J., Toh, S.L., Gob, J.C., 2008b. In vivo study of anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and silk scaffold. Biomaterials 29, 3324-3337. 

Nishimoto, H., Kokubu, T., Inui, A., Mifune, Y., Nishida, K., Fujioka, H., Yokota, K., Hiwa, C., Kurosaka, M., 2012. Ligament regeneration using an absorbable stent-shaped poly-L-lactic acid scaffold in a rabbit model. Int. Orthop. 36, 2379—2386. 

PU nanofibrous scaffolds have been reported to be highly resembling the natural connective tissues inside the human body. Therefore, they were tested for ligaments regeneration. 

Yang, G., Rothrauff, B.B., Tuan, R.S., 2013. Tendon and ligament regeneration and repair clinical relevance and developmental paradigm. Birth Defects Research, Part C Embryo Today 99, 203-222. 

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