Dura mater

The epidural space surrounds the dura mater of the spinal cord. It is bounded by the pedicles of the vertebral arches and by the anterior and posterior ligaments connecting the bony vertebral column. The epidural space contains nerve roots, fat, and blood vessels. 

Meninges Group of three membranes (dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. 

WB shows CYP7A/induction in arachnoid, dura mater, choroid plexus, pineal gland, and pituitary of rat brain by //-naphthoflavone (Morse et al., 1998). 

Buzzi, M. G. and Moskowitz, M. A. The anti-migraine drug sumatriptan (GR 43175), selectively blocks neurogenic plasma extravasation from blood vessels in dura mater, Br. J. Pharmacol. 1990, 99, 202-206. 

Lee, W. S., Moussaoui, S. M., Moskowitz, M. A. Blockade by oral or parenteral RPR100893 (a nonpeptide NK1 receptor antagonist) of neurogenic plasma protein extravasation within guinea pig dura mater and conjunctiva, Br. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 112, 920-924. 

O Shaughnessy, C. T. and Connor, H. E.. Investigation of the role of tachykinin Nk1, NK2 receptors and CGRP receptors in neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in dura mater, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 263, 193-198. 

Shepheard, S. L., Williamson, D. J., Hill, R. G., Hargreaves, R. J. The non-peptide neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, RP 67580, blocks neurogenic plasma extravasation in the dura mater of rats, Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993, 108, 11-12. 

Kurosawa, M., Messlinger, K., Pawlak, M., Schmidt, R.F. Increase of meningeal blood flow after electrical stimulation of rat dura mater encephali mediation by calcitonin gene-related peptide, Br. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 114, 1397-1402. 

Epidural A form of intraspinal analgesia where the agent is injected into the epidural space that surrounds the dura mater, which is the membrane that contains the cerebo-spinal fluid directly outside the spinal cord. 

Intrathecal A form of intraspinal anaesthesia or analgesia in which the agent is injected through the dura mater and arachnoid membrane into the cerebro-spinal fluid which surrounds the spinal cord. 

Matsubara, T., Moskowitz, M.A., Huang, Z., 1992. UK-14,304, R(-)-a-methyI-histamine and SMS 201-995 block plasma protein leakage within dura mater by prejunctional mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 224, 145-150. 

At present, BP 2.94 (36) is under clinical development in Phase II trials for the treatment of asthma, pneumoallergic diseases, and others. Preclinical studies in rodents clearly displayed anti-inflammatory as well as antinociceptive activity of BP 2.94 (36) given orally at low doses. These effects are mediated by inhibitory H3 receptors located on sensory C-fibres in several different tissues. In particular, capsaicin-induced plasma protein extravasation was dose-dependently inhibited in airways, digestive tract, skin, conjunctiva, urinaiy bladder, nasal mucosa, and dura mater of the rat. In the p-phenylbenzoquinone-induced writhing test in mice, BP 2.94 (36) had a pronounced antinociceptive activity similar to that of acetylsalicylic acid. This effect was significantly abolished by the H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide but not by naloxone. Furthermore, BP 2.94 (36) reduced zymosan-induced edema. This antiinflammatory effect was also abolished by thioperamide [6]. 

Central neural blockade. The anesthetic is injected within the spaces surrounding the spinal cord10 (Fig. 12-2). Specifically, the term epidural nerve blockade refers to injection of the drug into the epidural space—that is, the space between the bony vertebral column and the dura mater. A variation of epidural administration known as a caudal block is sometimes performed by injecting the local anesthetic into the lumbar epidural space via the sacral hiatus (see Fig. 12-2). Spinal nerve blockade refers to injection within the subarachnoid space— that is, the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. Spinal blockade is also referred to as intrathecal anesthesia because the drug is injected within the tissue sheaths surrounding the spinal cord (intrathecal means within a sheath see Chapter 2). 

Epidural nerve block Administration of local anesthesia into the spinal canal between the bony vertebral column and the dura mater (i.e., the injection does not penetrate the spinal membranes but remains above the dura). 

Dimitriadou V, Rouleau A, Trung Tuong MD, Newlands GJ, Miller HR, Luffau G, Schwartz JC, Garbarg M (1997) Functional relationships between sensory nerve fibers and mast cells of dura mater in normal and inflammatory conditions. Neuroscience 77 829-39 Dolezal V, Jackisch R, Hertting G, AUgaier C (1992) Activation of dopamine D] receptors does not affect D2 receptor-mediated inhibition of acetylcholine release in rabbit striatum. Naunyn Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 345 16-20... 

Sensory Substance P Dura mater vasculature Rat Yu and Moskowitz 1996... 

Devices heart valves, corneal lenticules, umbilical veins, interactive wound dressings and dura mater (CP 7382.830 [3]) and... 

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) are the most frequent (acquired) AVM of the spinal canal and its meninges. In 1977 Kendall and Logue were the first to recognize that this disease, which had formerly been described as so-called retromedullary angiomas, in fact is an AV fistula situated within the dura mater. This was confirmed by Merland et al. in 1980 who pointed out the angiographic characteristics of the disease in detail (Fig. 17.6). 

The AV shunt is located inside the dura mater close to the spinal nerve roots. The arterial blood enters a radicular vein where it passes the dura (Thron et al. 1987 Hassler et al. 1989). Flow in the radicular... 

Figure 8.3. Strain dependence of elastic fraction of connective tissues using a sequential incremental loading program, the elastic fraction as a function of strain (%) for (A) aorta tested in the circumferential (A) and axial directions ( ), and skin (O), (B) pericardium ( ), psoas major tendon (A), and dura mater (O). (From Dunn and Silver, 1983.)...

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