Anterior cruciate ligament

In mature tendon, collagen fibril bundles (fibers) have diameters between 1 and 300 mm and fibrils have diameters from 20 to over 280 nm (Figure 3.28). The presence of a crimp pattern in the collagen fibers has been established for rat tail tendon as well as for patellar tendon and anterior cruciate ligament the specific geometry of the pattern, however, differs from tissue to tissue. It is not clear that the crimp morphology of tendon is actually present in tendons that are under normal resting muscular forces. 

Brandt KD. Transection of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog a model of osteoarthritis. Sem Arthritis Rheum 1991 21 22-32. 

When added to standard doses of morphine and a non- steroidal analgesic, 5-ketamine 0.5 mg/kg had no additional benefit in a randomized, double-blind study in 30 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament repair (9). 

Figure 2.12 Orientation of the strain gage sensor on the anteromedial aspect of the anterior cruciate ligament. (From B D Beynnon, M H Pope, C M Werthheimer, R J Johnson, B F Fleming, C E Nichols and J G Howe, The effect of functional knee-braces on strain on the anterior cruciate ligament in vivo, 1992 The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 74 A, no 9, 1298-1312.)... 

Beynnon B D, Pope M H, Werthheimer C M, Johnson R J, Fleming B F, Nichols C E and Howe J G 1992 The effect of functional knee-braces on strain on the anterior cruciate ligament in vivo J. Bone Joint Surg. A 74 1298-312 Doebelin E O 1990 Measurement Systems Application and Design 4th edn (New York McGraw-Hill)... 

Amis AA, Kempson AS, Campbell JR and Millee JH (1988) Anterior cruciate ligament replacement Biocompatibility and biomechanics of polyester and carbon fiber in rabbits. J Bone Joint Surg Br 70 628. 

Tashman, S. et al, Abnormal rotational knee motion during running after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, Am. J. Sports Med., 32,975,2004. 

S.L. Bourke, J. Kohn, M.G. Dunn, Preliminary development of a novel resorbable synthetic polymer fiber scaffold for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tissue Eng. 10 (2004) 43-52. 

F.R. Noyes, E.S. Grood, The strength of the anterior cruciate ligament in humans and Rhesus monkeys, J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 58 (1976) 1074-1082. 

J.A. Hunt, J.T. Callaghan, Polymer-hydroxyapatite composite versus polymer interference screws in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a large animal model. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 16 (2008) 655-660. 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) DACRON Dupont Surgical suture membrane, vascular grafts, anterior cruciate ligament prosthesis... 

H.H. Lu, J.A. Cooper Jr., S. Manuel, J.W. Freeman, M.A. Attawia, F.K. Ko, C.T. Laurencin, Anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using braided biodegradable scaffolds in vitro optimization studies. Biomaterials 26 (23) (2005) 4805-4816. 

CBRN clothing system anterior cruciate ligament vascular grafts net for enlarged heart. 

Fig la Tom Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Fig lb ACL Implant MESH GRAFTS... 

S L Edwards, S J Russell, E Ingham et al, Nonwoven scaffolds of improved design for the tissue en neering of file anterior cruciate ligament , S C Anand, J F Kennedy, M Miraftab and S Rajendran (Eds), Medical Textiles and Biomaterials for Healthcare, Woodhead Publishing Limit Cambridge, CRC Press LLC, Florida, 2006. 

FIGURE 6.6 Force versus length curves for human medial patellar tendon, gracilis tendon, fascia lata tendon, and the anterior cruciate ligament. 

Serpas, F., Yanagawa, T., and Pandy, M. G. (2002). Forward-dynamics simulation of anterior cruciate ligament forces developed during isokinetic dynamometry. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 5 33-43. 

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