Posterior cruciate ligament

Dixon MC et al (2005) Modular fixed-bearing total knee arthroplasty with retention of the posterior cruciate ligament. A study of patients followed for a minimum of fifteen years. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87(3) 598-603... 

Prietto, M.P., Bain, J.R., Stonebrook, S.N., et al (1988) Tensile strength of the human posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). Transactions of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 13, 195. 

Race, A. and Amis, A.A. (1994) The mechanical properties of the two bundles of the human posterior cruciate ligament. Journal of Biomechanics, 27(1), 13-24. 

Fig. 8.2 Arthroscopic classification of remnants by Nakase. The normal ACL attachment on femur arrow head) (from [14] with permission), (a) Type 1 Bridging between the roof of the intercondylar notch and tibia, (b) Type 2 Bridging between the posterior cruciate ligament and tibia, (c) Type 3 Bridging between the anatomical attachments of the ACL on the lateral wall of the femoral condyle and the tibia, (d) Type 4 No bridging ACL remnants...

Simmons R, Howell SM, Hull ML (2003) Effect of the angle of the femoral and tibial tunnels in the coronal plane and incremental excisimi of the posterior cruciate ligament on tension of an anterior cruciate ligament graft an in vitro study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A (6) 1018-1029... 

Clancy WGJ et al (1981) Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in rhesus monkeys. J Bone Joint Surg Am 63 1270-1284... 

After the femoral fixation, the relationship between the notch in extension or the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in flexion should be observed. If the graft is placed anatomically correct, there is no impingent of the graft against the notch or PCL (Fig. 30.7). 

Nakamae et al. also evaluated the biomechanical function of ACL remnants using a navigation system for anteroposterior and rotational knee stability in patients with a complete ACL injury [24]. Patients in groups 1 (bridging between the posterior cruciate ligament and tibia) and 2 (bridging between the intercondylar... 

Cho KH, Lee DC, Chhem RK et al. (2001) Normal and acutely torn posterior cruciate ligament of the knee at US evaluation preliminary experience. Radiology 219 375-380 Choi YS, Lee SM, Song BY, Paik SH, Yoon YK (2002) Dynamic sonography of external snapping hip syndrome. J Ultrasound Med 21 753-758... 

Hsu CC, Tsai WC, Chen CP, Yeh WL, Tang SF, Kuo JK (2005) Ultrasonographic examination of the normal and injured posterior cruciate ligament. J Clin Ultrasound 33 277-282 Hubner U, Schlicht W, Outzen S, Barthel M, Halsband H (2000) Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82 1170-1173 Hunt DM, Somashekar N (2005) A review of sleeve fractures of the patella in children. Knee 12 3-7 Kannus P (2000) Structure of the tendon connective tissue. 

Fig. 5.14. Sagittal gradient echo image of the knee. There is rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament, with loss of continuity of ligament fibres and distortion of the surrounding soft tissues...

The largest of these joints, the tibiofemoral joint, obtains its stabihty from the conformity of its bony structures, the medial and lateral menisci, the medial and collateral ligaments, the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the joint capsule. 

Posterior cruciate ligament injuries (PCL), as in adults, are less common than ACL injuries. In infants and children, it must he remembered that the PCL lies in a more horizontal position than in adults and this must not be confused with injury. Secondary signs of a PCL tear include posterior suhluxation of the tibia, associated tears of the ACL, meniscal tears and avulsion of the tibial insertion (Ross and Chesterman 1986). 

Ross AC, Chesterman PJ (1986) Isolated avulsion of the tibial attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament in childhood. J Bone Joint Surg Br 68 747... 

The posterior draw test evaluates posterior cruciate ligament dysfunction. The patient s foot is placed in neutral position, as performed for the anterior draw test. The examiner applies force on the anterior tibia in a posterior direction (Fig. 94-3). The femoral condyles become prominent... 

FIG. 98-8 Counterstrain treatment for the posterior cruciate ligament tender point. 

Moeller, H. D., Bosch, U., and Decker, B. 1995. Collagen fibril diameter distribution in patellar tendon autografts after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sheep—changes over time. / Anat 187 161-67. 

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