Cruciate ligament disruption

Daniel DM, Stone ML, Sachs R, Malcom L (1985) Instrumented measurement of anterior knee laxity in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament disruption. Am J Sprats Med 13 401 107... 

Lo IK, Kirkley A, Fowler PJ, Miniaci A (1997) The outcome of operatively treated anterior cruciate ligament disruptions in the skeletally immature child. Arthroscopy 13 627-634 Lo IK, Bell DM, Fowler PJ (1998). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the skeletally immature patient. Instr Course Lect 47 351-359... 

Good L, Roos H, Gottlieb DJ, Renstrom PA, Beynnon BD (1999) Joint position sense is not changed after acute disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. Acta Orthop Scand 70 (2) 194-198... 

The dislocation is described according to the direction of tibial displacement relative to the femur. Anterior dislocation is the commonest type, and is associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament, the posterior joint capsule and popliteal artery damage. Posterior dislocation can also be associated with arterial injury. Rotary or posterolateral dislocation is caused by force abduction and internal rotation. On the lateral radiograph, the femoral condyle is in profile but the tibia is rotated posterolaterally and the proximal tibiofibular joint is seen in its entirety. An early complete assessment and documentation of the neurovascular status of the leg distally is vital. Also look for signs of compartment syndrome. 

Cruciate ligament surgery in skeletally immature patients is controversial. Extra-articular stabilisation procedures avoid disruption of the growth plate, but have poor long-term results. Some studies have shown that transtibial and femoral tunnels of less than 6 mm do not cause significant growth arrest. (Lo et 1997)... 

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