Life expectancy index

The life expectancy index is an index of population health and longevity ... 

HDI = LEI X El X n, where T.Ef = Life Expectancy Index. El = Education Index, and II = bicome Index. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing, or an underdevelt ied country and to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life. Countries into four broad human development categories, each of which comprises - 42 countries (1) very high, 42 countries (2) high. 43 countries (3) medium. 42 countries and (4) low, 42 countries (Wikipedia, 2016). 

Cross-comparing the risks of various activities is difficult because of the lack of a common basis of comparison, however Cohen and Lee, 1979 provide such a comparison on the basis of loss of life expectancy. Solomon and Abraham, 1979 used an index of harm in a study of 6 occupational harms - three radiological and three nonradiological to bracket high and low estimates of radiological effects. The index of harm consists of a weighting factor for parametric study the lost time in an industry and the worker population at risk. The conclusions were that the data are too imprecise for firm conclusions but it is possible for a radiation worker under pessimistic health effects assumptions to have as high index of harm as the other industries compared. 

The CUA is a form of cost-effectiveness analysis in which the health outcomes are measured in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained. The QALY is a measure that associates quantity of life (for example survival data and life expectancy) with quality of life, by amalgamating them into a single index. One QALY is equal to a year of full life quality. Because of its universal denominator which allows comparisons across divergent areas, CUA is a tool that can (in theory) be used by policy makers... 

In the health sub-index, the currently used indicators are life expectancy, and severity index (number of fatalities per total population). Additional indicators that might be added in this sub-index in the long term of RSDI are the proportion of the physicians per capita, number of hospital beds per capita, and health care expenditures. 

There are few indicators that are already widely used in international indices which will make RSDI easy to understand and more valid. The UNDP has considerable resources to decide which indicators to use in the HDl and determine best practices from different sources and countries. The examples used in the RSDI contexts and taken from HDI are Life expectancy (years) , Adult literacy rate and Gross domestic product per capita . However, Life expectancy alone is not enough to measure the health level. One needs to make the selection more specific. 1 therefore added severity index to this dimension (health level). As discussed earlier, the severity index decreases with better medical facilities and rescue services. 

In appendix 1, the descriptive statistics of aU selected macro-indicators is presented. The table shows the actual values (before normalisation) and the differences in the indicators among the ASEAN countries and Sweden. These eleven indicators allow regional/intemational comparisons and RSDI construction. A brief look to the table shows that the severity index is not fuUy correlated (ASEAN data) with life expectancy and this is probably due to unreliable figures for injuries in some ASEAN countries. 

Country Traffic Risk Personai Risk Vehicies not motorcycies (%) Paved Roads (% of total) Percentage of seat belts use (estimated) Percentage of helmets use (estimated) Urban population (% of total populatbn) GDP per capita Life expectancy at birth Severity Index Adult literacy (%) Human Development Index (HDI)... 

This chapter deals with flood risk analysis and assessment. The conceptual model source pathway receptor consequence for flood risk analysis is presented and its components are analyzed. The methodology to extract the predicted probability of coastal flooding from risk sources and pathways, as well as the expected damages from risk receptors axe introduced and examined. Reliability analysis of a coastal system is also briefly discussed. Quantitative methods to define acceptable flooding probabilities on the level of the protected area are presented. Tools such as cost-benefit analysis, utihty models, and the life quality index are introduced to define the tolerable risk of flooding. 

The life quality method, proposed by Nathwani et appears closely related to utility methods. Decisions concerning risk are judged using a social indicator called the life quality index that combines the effects of the decision on the life expectancy... 

Since 1990, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been published by the United Nations as an index to characterize the level of human development (purchasing power, life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment) as explained in Topic 5.1.1. As one may expect, the HDI is linked not only to the GNP (pc) (Figure 5.1.2) but is also strongly linked to the primary energy consumption (pc), but only up to a certain extent, that is, in poor countries. This is depicted by the graph of the HDI versus the annual primary energy consumption per capita (Figure 5.1.4). 

Topic 5.1.1 Human development index (HDI) and happiness of societies The human development index is used to rank countries by level of human development, and combines normalized measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, and GDP per capita. To transform a raw variable x into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used ... 

Body mass index is calculated from the weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of the height (in metres) - i.e. BMI = weight (kg)/height (m). The desirable range, associated with optimum life expectancy, is between 20 and 25. As discussed in section 8.2, values of BMI below 20 are associated with undernutrition. Table 6.1 shows the classification of overweight and obesity by BMI. For older people, there is some evidence... 

As depicted in Figure 1.3, the energy use per capita and year shows a correlation to the human development index (HDI) (Smil, 2010, Chapter 35). The HDI is a composite metric established by the United Nations Development Office to evaluate and compare indicators of life expectancy, education, and income. As can be seen, for a per capita energy use above 100 GJ per year, the correlation with the HDI is... 

G—gross national product per capita, q = tIE—the quality of the environment taking into account the pollution (i.e. the ratio between the time t for the period in which the environment remains free of contamination and the average life expectancy E). Assuming, as in the case of Lg/that investment or activity does not impair the quality of the environment it means that you should ensure constancy index from the relationship ... 

Such requirements are expected to assure that the dosage form is formulated and manufactured appropriately to ensure that the index or marker ingredients are uniformly distributed and will dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract and be available for absorption. No assumption is made that the marker or index compound selected for demonstration of dissolution is responsible for the purported effect. The test is valuable in that it assures that the formulation technology used is reflective of the state-of-the-art technology, provides a means to evaluate lot-to-lot performance over a product s shelf-life and that excipients used to facilitate transfer of the index or marker ingredients of the botanical to the human system are appropriate. 

Consequently, antineoplastic drugs typically have a very low therapeutic index compared with drugs that are used to treat less serious disorders (see Chapter 1). Considering that cancer is usually life threatening, these toxic effects must be expected and tolerated during chemotherapeutic treatments. Some side effects, however, can be treated with other drugs. In particular, gastrointestinal disturbances (e.g., nausea,... 

To a plastic producer (i.e. processor), melt index is one property that is needed in order to evaluate whether the same process can be used irrespective of whether it uses virgin or recycled polymers. This will tell if it is possible to process the recycled polymeric materials in the same set-up as usual. Several other properties are needed in order to quality mark the materials. The melt index is related to what final tensile properties a product obtains, this in turn has an impact on the expected life-time. The purity of a recyclate stream with respect to the amount of foreign polymer in the stream has an impact on melt-index, but will also be an important factor for the final mechanical properties. Another very important property is the amount of low molecular weight compounds, which may be of vastly different types. Typically such an analysis will show the presences of additives and their degradation products, degradation products of the polymeric matrices, traces of solvents, initiators, or catalysts, compounds related to the use of the plastics and others. 

Discounted cashflow rate of return (DCFRR). This method is called the investors return on investment, internal rate of return, profitability index, interest rate of return, or discounted cashflow. A trial-and-error solution is necessary to calculate the average rate of interest earned on the company s outstanding investment in the project. It can also be considered the maximum interest rate at which funds could be borrowed for investment in the project, with the project breaking even at the end of its expected life. 

If we consider the mode of action of digitalis, what would we expect the therapeutic index of the dmg to be Large or rather smaller Complete receptor saturation will completely knock out the NaVK -ATP ase and thereby terminate the life of the target cell. Thus, it is quite obvious that we will have to walk a fine line in determining the right dosage. Therefore, we will have to consider very carefully the pharmacokinetic properties of the dmgs, and the kidney and/or liver functions of the patient. 

ALB was one of the first identified biochemical markers of malnutrition and has long been used in population studies. ALB is a relatively insensitive index of early protein malnutrition because there is a large amount normally found in the body (4 to 5 g/kg of body weight), it is highly distributed in the extravascular compartment (60%), and it has a long half-life (18 to 20 days). However, chronic protein deficiency in the setting of adequate nonprotein calorie intake leads to marked hypoalbuminemia because of a net ALB loss from the intravascular and extravascular compartments (kwashiorkor). Serum ALB concentrations also are affected by moderate-to-severe calorie deficiency hepatic, renal, and GI disease and infection, tramna, stress, and burns. In many cases, interpretation of serum ALB concentrations relative to nutrition status is difficult however, a positive correlation between decreased serum ALB concentrations and poor clinical outcome has been demonstrated in a variety of settings. Additionally, serum ALB concentrations of 2.5 g/dL or less can be expected to exacerbate ascites and peripheral, pulmonary, and GI mucosal edema due to decreased colloid oncotic pressure. 

---