Human development index

Figure 1. Human development index (HDI) from the Wonderland model plotted against (a) economic innovation in the north (e.inov.n) and against (b) sustainable pollution in the south (v.spoll.s).

Figure 2. Diagnostics for the Wonderland approximating model (a) actual human development index (HDI) values versus their cross-validation predictions (b) standardized cross-validation residuals versus cross-validation predictions.

In the Wonderland model, a pathological scenario was identified of very low values of the human development index, dependent on extreme values of two of the 41 variables. In the experiment with 500 runs, only three runs exhibited this behavior fewer runs in the design or a less flexible approximation strategy may well have missed this feature. 

Multi-national discipline and experts were involved in constructing and assessing the international composite indices. A.K. Sen, for instance, is a Nobel Prize holder and he is one of the key developers of the Human Development Index (HDI) in terms of his theory on poverty and welfare on a global scale (Andrew, 2004). Since 1990 the "Human Development Reports" (UNDP, 2004) have measured the country s... 

Nevertheless, the Human Development Index as many of other multidimensional indices has been criticised for its methodology and lack of accuracy. Frederik (2002) for instance has criticised HDI due to excluding several essential indicators on the quality of life, which drives the decision makers in the country to concentrate their efforts on education and health only. However, despite these shortcomings, HDI gets widespread media coverage, is widely accepted and is the most successful index worldwide. 

Moreover, these results show that RSDI correlates well with the Human Development Index (HDI) as shown in Figure 5.5. The coefficient of best-fit gives R-Sq=89.6, which seems highly correlated. This can be explained in terms of the relationship between road accidents and each of the HDI components, these are the level of income of the country, education and health level. Therefore, RSDI has the potential to be developed further and become a supplementary index to the Human Development Index in the future. Close examination of the figure shows that Myanmar obtained a higher RSDI rank than Vietnam and Cambodia compared with the HDI scores. 

Country Traffic Risk Personai Risk Vehicies not motorcycies (%) Paved Roads (% of total) Percentage of seat belts use (estimated) Percentage of helmets use (estimated) Urban population (% of total populatbn) GDP per capita Life expectancy at birth Severity Index Adult literacy (%) Human Development Index (HDI)... 

Key Words Road safety, RSDf ASEAN, international comparisons. Human Development Index, ranking, principal components, composite indicators, macro-performance indicators, macro- models. 

FIG. 2. Human development index (HDI) versus energy input per capita [5J. 

Since 1990, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been published by the United Nations as an index to characterize the level of human development (purchasing power, life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment) as explained in Topic 5.1.1. As one may expect, the HDI is linked not only to the GNP (pc) (Figure 5.1.2) but is also strongly linked to the primary energy consumption (pc), but only up to a certain extent, that is, in poor countries. This is depicted by the graph of the HDI versus the annual primary energy consumption per capita (Figure 5.1.4). 

Figure 5.1.4 Human development index (HD/) versus energy consumption per capita. The HDI ranks countries by level of human development (2007, HDI from UN Development Programme, human development report 2007/08). Arrow indicates the theoretical decrease of global energy consumption pc to the minimum value that we could have today (2008) according to the trend (dot-dash curve) without change of global average HDI (Jess, 2010).

Topic 5.1.1 Human development index (HDI) and happiness of societies The human development index is used to rank countries by level of human development, and combines normalized measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, and GDP per capita. To transform a raw variable x into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used ... 

This, finally, leads to the equation to calculate the human development index ... 

Figure 5.1.5 shows the human development index (HD/) versus the gross national product (C/VP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita. Obviously, the average welfare of a nation (as measured by the HDI) strongly increases as one moves from... 

Figure 5.1.6 shows the relationship between the SWB and the economic development CNP in PPP per capita) in 33 countries that contain 68% of the world s population. The curve depicts a trend such that if the SWB of a society were determined by its level of economic development it would fall on this line. This trend-line is similar to the relationship of the human development index (HDI) and the CNP (PPP) per capita (Figure 5.1.5). 

As depicted in Figure 1.3, the energy use per capita and year shows a correlation to the human development index (HDI) (Smil, 2010, Chapter 35). The HDI is a composite metric established by the United Nations Development Office to evaluate and compare indicators of life expectancy, education, and income. As can be seen, for a per capita energy use above 100 GJ per year, the correlation with the HDI is... 

The variables in formulas 1-3 mean RFR—road fatality rate, GDPPC—Gross National Product per capita, HDI—Human Development Index. 

Based on an analysis of the literature and own work, four parameters of scale were identified time T, motorisation rate MRMV, human development index HDI and gross domestic product per capita GDPPC. 

Eventually, two were selected for further analyses GDPPC and HDI as parameters of scale for modelling the RFR. GDPPC, however, helps with forecasts (irrespective of time) of the human development index HDI and the motorisation rate MRMV. It can be used to simulate and analyse motorisation rates and road safety at different stages of a country s social and economic development (irrespective of time). The downside of GDPPC is that it reduces the scale as its numerical value decreases (applies mainly to historical data). 

Figure 1.1 Effect of electrical energy consumption (EEC) on Human Development Index (HDI) for all countries of the world (a) graph with selected countries shown and (h) HDI correlation. In general, the HDI correlation might he an exponential rise to maximum (1), hut based on the current data it is a straight line in regular Y logarithmic coordinates X.

Based on data from United Nations (UN), 2016. Table 1 Human Development Index and its Components, United Nations Development Programme. (Online). Available http //hdr.undp. org/en/composite/HDI (accessed 16.01.16.) and The World Fact Book (2013). 

Table A7.1 Population, electrical energy consumption per capita, and Human Development Index in various countries worldwide...

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