Examples of Uses

To use non-standard elements belonging to the Taylor-Hood or Crouzeix-Raviart groups that satisfy the BB condition. Examples of useful elements in this category are given in Table 3.1, for further explanations about the properties of these elements see Pittman (1989). 

An example of using one predicted property to predict another is predicting the adsorption of chemicals in soil. This is usually done by first predicting an octanol water partition coelficient and then using an equation that relates this to soil adsorption. This type of property-property relationship is most reliable for monofunctional compounds. Structure-property relationships, and to a lesser extent group additivity methods, are more reliable for multifunctional compounds than this type of relationship. 

There is an experimental variation in which an W-phenacylpyridinium salt is heated with an aniline[4]. This reaction can also be readily accommodated to the mechanism involving an imine intermediate. There are a few examples of use of other types of a-halokctoncs[5,6] but most of the synthetic applications have been to 2-arylindoles. 

Most examples of Diels-Alder reactions reported for both 2-vinyl and 3-vinylindoles involve typical electrophilic dienophiles such as benzoquinone, A"-phenylmaleimide and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (see Table 16.1). T hese symmetrical dienophiles raise no issues of rcgiosclectivity. While there arc fewer examples of use of mono-substituted dienophiles, they appear to react... 

The exterior form of MDF is used in special appHcations requiring durabiHty and resistance to water or weather exposure. Highway signs would be an example of this use of exterior MDF. It is an extremely expensive product and thus is used only for special appHcations requiring its special properties. Another example of use would be where a customer would be willing to pay the additional cost to use a composite which has the exceptional quaHties of MDF, but also has virtually no formaldehyde emissions. 

Examples of uses foi amine oxides include detergent and personal care areas as a foam booster and stabilizer, as a dispersant for glass fibers, and as a foaming component in gas recovery systems. Commercial suppliers of fatty amine oxides include Akzo Chemicals Inc. (Aromox) (73), Jordan Chemical Company (PPG Industries) (fordamox) (78), and Lonza (Badox) (79). 

When the a,P-unsaturated ketone is hydrogenated to the alcohol, a product with an intense sandalwood odor is produced (162). Many other examples of useful products have been made by condensation of campholenic aldehyde with ketones such as cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone. 

Mutation. For industrial appHcations, mutations are induced by x-rays, uv irradiation or chemicals (iiitrosoguanidine, EMS, MMS, etc). Mutant selections based on amino acid or nucleotide base analogue resistance or treatment with Nystatin or 2-deoxyglucose to select auxotrophs or temperature-sensitive mutations are easily carried out. Examples of useful mutants are strains of Candida membranefaciens, which produce L-threonine Hansenu/a anomala, which produces tryptophan or strains of Candida lipolytica that produce citric acid. An auxotrophic mutant of S. cerevisiae that requires leucine for growth has been produced for use in wine fermentations (see also Wine). This yeast produces only minimal quantities of isoamyl alcohol, a fusel oil fraction derived from leucine by the Ehrlich reaction (10,11). A mutant strain of bakers yeast with cold-sensitive metaboHsm shows increased stabiUty and has been marketed in Japan for use in doughs stored in the refrigerator (12). 

Boron Bromide. Approximately 30% of BBr produced in the United States is consumed in the manufacture of proprietory pharmaceuticals (qv) (7). BBr is used in the manufacture of isotopicaHy enriched crystalline boron, as a Etiedel-Crafts catalyst in various polymerization, alkylation, and acylation reactions, and in semiconductor doping and etching. Examples of use of BBr as a catalyst include copolymerization of butadiene with olefins (112) polymerization of ethylene and propylene (113), and A/-vinylcarbazole (114) in hydroboration reactions and in tritium labeling of steroids and aryl rings (5). 

Examples of uses (82) of copper compounds are given in Table 4 which hsts the materials of primary industrial importance. The majority of copper compounds are used as fungicides, nutritionals, and algicides. 

In order to develop the dyes for these fields, characteristics of known dyes have been re-examined, and some anthraquinone dyes have been found usable. One example of use is in thermal-transfer recording where the sublimation properties of disperse dyes are appHed. Anthraquinone compounds have also been found to be usehil dichroic dyes for guest-host Hquid crystal displays when the substituents are properly selected to have high order parameters. These dichroic dyes can be used for polarizer films of LCD systems as well. Anthraquinone derivatives that absorb in the near-infrared region have also been discovered, which may be appHcable in semiconductor laser recording. 

The information on prevalenee of these teehniques in a world praetiee and examples of use of vaiious eombinations of methods is resulted at the deeision of speeifie tasks. 

Before taking the sample train to the test site, it is wise to prepare the operating curves for the particular job. With most factory-assembled trains, these curves are a part of the package. If a sampling train is assembled from components, the curves must be developed. The type of curves will vary from source to source and from train to train. Examples of useful operating curves include (1) velocity versus velocity pressure at various temperatures (6), (2) probe tip velocity versus flowmeter readings at various temperatures, and (3) flowmeter calibration curves of flow versus pressure drop. It is much easier to take an operaHng point from a previously prepared curve than to take out a calculator and pad to make the calculahons at the... 

The information is voluminous and varied. The chemical manufacturers have good product information. A good example of useful product information is on the DuPont website (www.dupont.com). 

As an example of using a Mollier diagram in defining the state of air, we can take a typical measurement from the local exhaust hood of a paper machine. Tbe temperature of the exhaust air is 82 C and its wet bulb temperature 60 "C. In Fig. 4AQd we move from the saturation curve at the point 60 °C straight up along the constant enthalpy line ( = 460 kj/kg d.a.) until we reach the isotherm... 

There are many different combinations of supply inlets and exhaust hoods, where these have to be designed together. Some of these are described in some detail. Two examples of using air jets for special purposes are described and the use of wide air curtains is also described. 

Questions posed in brainstorming should be open-ended (as opposed to yes-or-no) and relevant to the task at hand. Be sure to record responses accurately, and in enough detail that you can recall their substance for further discussion. Some examples of useful brainstorming questions are ... 

FIGURE 2.12 Example of use of HFAM tool for evaluation (Pennycook et al., 1993). 

Aluminium anodes comprise essentially three generic types Al-Zn-In, Al-Zn-Hg and Al-Zn-Sn. Since Al-Zn-Sn alloys have largely been superseded, they will not be discussed further. Indium and mercury are added to aluminium to act as activators, i.e. to overcome the natural passivation of aluminium. Despite this, aluminium anodes are not suitable for low chloride environments which would lead to passivation. These anodes are therefore not used for land-based applications (although examples of use in environments such as swamps do exist). Similarly their use in low chloride aqueous environments such as estuaries must be viewed with caution. 

Particular examples of using polymer composites as screens are given in [14-16, 67-75], The present review does not touch the properties of the composite materials based on fabrics of conducting fibres due to the fact that manufacturing techniques for such materials are specific and differ greatly from the mixing processes considered above. However, these materials also have an application field, say, in contacts for calculator and computer keyboards [9] and even in small-power electric motor commutators as a partial substitute for copper [76, 77]. 

Fig. 2-14 Examples of using different tensile testing rates.

Fig. 4-2(h) Examples of using strain gauges to develop stress-strain curves. 

Fig. 4-2(o) Example of using elastomeric bell-and-spigot seals. 

Example of use with dimethylphenylsilane (11). A mixture of the (i/l-unsaturated ketone (1.05mmol), dimethylphenylsilane (l.lmmol) and tris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(i) chloride (0.002 mmol) was heated at 55°C for 1 h. The silyl enol ether was distilled directly from the reaction. 

Practical examples of using preconcentrating CMEs include the use of a mixed 2,9-dimcthyl-1.10-phenanthrolinc/carbon-pastc electrode for trace measurements of copper (55), the use of clay-containing carbon pastes for voltammetric measurements of iron (56), the use of polyelectrolyte coatings for the uptake and... 

Complexation of Pu is discussed in terms of the relative stabilities of different oxidation states and the "effective" ionic charge of Pu0 and Pu02+2. An equation is proposed for calculating stability constants of Pu complexes and its correlation with experimental values demonstrated. The competition between inner v outer sphere complexation as affected by the oxidation state of Pu and the pKa of the ligand is reviewed. Two examples of uses of specific complexing agents for Pu indicate a useful direction for future studies. 

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