Literacy rates

Bangladesh is a developing country of 3rd world located in South East Asia covering a tenitory of 147,730 sqkm with about 120 million population. Per capita income is about 220 and literacy rate for 7 years and above has been 32.4%. In the backdrop of agrarian poverty ridden economy, its population may exceed 125 m by 2000 AD. Its 47% population are living below poverty line 12.06m people are unemployed. 

Worldwide illiteracy rates have consistently declined in the last few decades. One of the major reasons for this decline is the sharp increase of literacy rates among young women, which is a result of specific campaigns designed to increase educational opportunities for girls. However, there are still an estimated 771 million illiterate adults in the world, about two-thirds of who are women. 

Some of the more popular countries for U.S. retirees are Mexico, Canada, the Philippines, and Costa Rica. By far, the nation with the largest population of U.S. retirees is Mexico. More than 1,000,000 live there, attracted by its low cost of living. Canada attracts U.S. retirees with its natural beauty, more sedate lifestyle, and cosmopolitan cities. The Philippines is popular with retired military personnel, who have experience with the area and with Philippine-Americans. Its main attractions are beautiful geography, lush tropical settings, and a rich cultural past. Costa Rica is a free and stable democracy that enjoys peace. (It is one of the few nations in the world without an army, and has the highest literacy rate in the Western world.) It is a beautiful country with moderate temperatures, and there is no tax on pensions or other income from abroad. 

State simplifications have at least five characteristics that deserve emphasis. Most obviously, state simplifications are observations of only those aspects of social life that are of official interest. They are interested, utilitarian facts. Second, they are also nearly always written (verbal or numerical) documentary facts. Third, they are typically static facts.Fourth, most stylized state facts are also aggregate facts. Aggregate facts may be impersonal (the density of transportation networks) or simply a collection of facts about individuals (employment rates, literacy rates, residence patterns). Finally, for most purposes, state officials need to group citizens in ways that permit them to make a collective assessment. Facts that can be aggregated and presented as averages or distributions must therefore be standardized facts. However unique the actual circumstances of the various individuals who make up the aggregate, it is their sameness or, more precisely, their differences along a standardized scale or continuum that are of interest. 

The state of Kerala in southern India has shown how to control population growth, even though it is not wealthy.88 Its per capita income ( 300/yr) is 1/65 that of the United States. Its population of 30 million people lives in land about the size of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Life expectancy is high. Infant mortality is low. The birth rate is lower, and the literacy rate higher, than in the United States. The state spends 60% of its budget on health and education. Women and men are treated equally under this system. It may also have old-age pensions. The secret to the control of population in developing nations appears to be to improve the social status of women and to focus on the satisfaction of basic human needs.89... 

Fertility declines in East Asia since 1950 have been dramatic, dropping to about replacement levels or below in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and China 93 In Thailand, fertility dropped from 6 children per woman in the 1960s, to 3.7 in 1980, and to the replacement level of 2.1 in 1991.94 Adult women in Thailand have a literacy rate of 90% compared with 96% for men. 

Viewed from this perspective, the technical successes of Italy s mobilization, like Italy s wartime exercises in institutional engineering , look like performances of elites dancing on the quicksand of under-development. In this sense, the Italian case invites us to consider that broad social and institutional factors such as literacy rates, and the circulation of scientific and technological information in the culture at large, must be included in any final assessment of the performance of the Italian national system , whether during the war or afterwards. 

The currently used indicator in the education sub-index is the literacy rate (the percentage of people over 15 years able to read and write in their home language). Data on public expenditure on education may be added in the long term to RSDI. 

Education level - Adult literacy rate (% of persons over 15 years able to read and write) 1 100... 

There are few indicators that are already widely used in international indices which will make RSDI easy to understand and more valid. The UNDP has considerable resources to decide which indicators to use in the HDl and determine best practices from different sources and countries. The examples used in the RSDI contexts and taken from HDI are Life expectancy (years) , Adult literacy rate and Gross domestic product per capita . However, Life expectancy alone is not enough to measure the health level. One needs to make the selection more specific. 1 therefore added severity index to this dimension (health level). As discussed earlier, the severity index decreases with better medical facilities and rescue services. 

The education index is measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting) ... 

Adult literacy index (ALI) = — (with ALR as adult literacy rate in %)... 

George Kaplan has shown that US states with greater inequality have higher rates of violence, more disability, more people without health insurance, less investment in education and literacy, and poorer educational outcomes, all of which he calls structural characteristics. Moreover, the socioenvironmental characters of population areas are importantly related to the mortality rates, independent of the characters of individuals. In addition, personal and socioeconomic risk factors cluster together in areas of low income and high mortality. In a thorough local study of Alameda County, California, Kaplan examined parts of the pathways linking social class and mortality. His basic claim is that health inequality is correlated to social instability, which is in turn correlated to the lack of investment in structural characteristics, such as education, proximity of healthful food outlets, pharmacies, accessibility of transportation, etc. 

Various metrics within each of the three dimensions of sustainability have long been well developed and used. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, literacy and poverty rates, and ambient concentration of urban air pollutants are some examples of economic, social, and environmental metrics employed at the national level. In businesses, financial metrics such as return on investment as well as certain metrics that reflect employee well-being and environmental performance, such as health and safety incident rates and regulated toxic releases, are also conventionally used. Sustainable development, however, requires further cross-functional integration of these metrics as well as the inclusion of additional metrics that facilitate more systemic and comprehensive multidisciplinary communication and thinking. 

Some rating scales are self-administered and do not require a staff member to interview a patient thus they require minimal resources to administer. However, there are many cases in which the patient is unable to complete a questionnaire for a variety of reasons, including literacy and severity of symptoms. 

One positive outcome of the cultural presence of cholesterol has been a high level of public education in the area of lipid metabolism—millions of people know the difference between LDL and HDL. This level of public sophistication in details of biochemistry is unprecedented and demonstrates that scientific literacy in other fields is also possible and achievable. During the past 30 years, people in many Western nations have adopted healthier diets and lifestyles, leading to a dramatic drop in the rate of coronary heart disease. 

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