Life cycle assessment allocation

Cederberg, C. and Stadig, M. (2003). System expansion and allocation in life cycle assessment of milk and beef production. Int. J. LCA 8,350-356. 

Gonzalez, A. Sala, J.M., Flores, I., and Lopez, L.M., 2003, Application of thermoeconomics to the allocation of environmental loads in the life cycle assessment of cogeneration plants, Energy 28 557—574. 

During the life cycle assessment, the study authors are very often confronted with the fact that the product system has at its end more than one output. In these cases, we use the allocation. Allocation means the assignment of the share of total environmental burden to particular outputs [32]. The Standard recommends to avoid the allocation whenever possible, e.g. by extending systems or sub-division processes [36]. 

All-in dyeing method, 9 177 Allinger force fields, 26 744, 745 All-in paste, 9 216 Allocation methods, in life cycle assessment, 24 815 Allomone, 24 473 Allo-ocimene, 24 490, 495 oxidation of, 24 491 Allo-ocimene diepoxide, 24 491 Allo-ocimene epoxide, 24 491 Allo-ocimenols, isomeric, 24 490 All-organic transistors, 22 222-223 D-Allose, 4 698... 

Klopffer W (1996) Allocation rule for open-loop recycling in life cycle assessment - a review. Int J Life Cycle Assessment 1(1) 27-31... 

A three-step methodology for activity-based environmental inventory allocation is useful in calculating data for the first step of life cycle assessment. First, the process flow and system boundary... 

Figure 13.5A Life cycle assessment metrics for 1 kg of ethylene using the thermal allocation method.

Suh S, Weidema B, Schmidt JH, Heijungs R. Generalized make and use framework for allocation in life cycle assessment. J Ind Ecol 2010 14(2) 335—53. 

Ekvall, T. 1999. System Expansion and Allocation in Life Cycle Assessment APR Report 245. 

Luo, L., Voet, E.v. d., Huppes, G., et al., 2009. Allocation issues in LCA methodology a case study of com stover-based ethanol fuel. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 14,529-539. 

The case study for two merino wool apparel items showed for the first time the relative contributions of each phase in the full life cycle across multiple impact or resource use categories. In this assessment, socks and a long-sleeved T-shirt garment were produced from NZ merino wool, with processing and manufacture involving facilities in China, Mexico, Vietnam and the US for retail in the US or Europe. For the GWP impact using biophysical allocation, production on farm represented one-third to half of the life cycle GHG emissions, while processing was 30—35% of the total. 

Errors in this case are taken to include both mistakes and omissions. Vulnerability to systemic errors can be introduced during any part of the life cycle, and its realisation comes into effect during manufacture, installation, maintenance or operation (where the blame is then allocated under the umbrella term of Human Factors). These systematic failures may not all be derivable from assessments such as the FHA or FTA, and many are best identified from service experience. 

The enterprise assesses requirements and constraints from requirements analysis, subfunction arrangements resulting from functional decomposition, allocation of subfimctions to functional elements, design decisions made during synthesis, and design elements of the design architecture to identify the risk factors to successful completion of the project. These evaluations should be made from an entire life cycle perspective. Identification of risk should be in a form to imderstand... 

The aim of this case study is to illustrate the environmental impact assessment through a life cycle approach of HgnoceUulosic biorefineries, which are representative examples of multifunctional systems comprising various production lines. This example highlights the need to provide environmental performance metrics by allocating the total bio-refinery impacts to the biorefinery final products. This kind of allocation is particularly useful when a certain final product of interest can also be produced by alternative ways (i.e., other biomass- and fossil-based pathways) and, therefore, a comparison between these alternatives for the functional unit of 1 kg of product is required. In other words, in this case the focus is not on the utilization of 1 kg of biomass where the total biorefinery environmental performance would be of interest, but on a specific production path within the biorefinery production network, considering of course the joint or coproduction nature of the system. This allocation procedure (here the term allocation is... 

In the third phase of an LCA, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), the inventory data are allocated to possible environmental impacts. Thereby, different... 

Mal a J, Freire F (2006) Renewability and life-cycle energy efficiency of bioethanol and bio-ethyl tertiary butyl ether (bioETBE) Assessing the implications of allocation. Energy 31(15) 3362-3380. doi 10.1016/J.energy.2006.03.013... 

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