Life cycle energy

In the given case study, it is possible to introduce additional terms into this comparison which may look at energy implications such as process machinery and infrastructure life cycle energy costs, warranty repair, supply chain PSS, for example, depending on the company s scope and business model. 

Khanna, V., Bakshi, B. and Lee, J. (2008) Carhon nanofiher production — life cycle energy consumption and environmental impact. /. Ind. Ecol., 12 (3), 394—410. 

By taking this approach, the benefits from recovering solvent versus incineration can be evaluated with greater confidence. Over time, robust models can be developed which show the life cycle energy and economic benefits of recovery versus incineration and provide an understanding of where the transition point for the process comes. 

Spitzley DV, Keoleian GA, Baron SG (2007). Life cycle energy and environmental analysis of a microgrid power pavilion. Int. J. Energy Res. 31 1-13 Published online 1 August 2006 in Wiley InterScience... 

The organization of the study is as follows. In the first Section, a H2 production and distribution system is described. Secondly, capital and levelized H2 price estimates are investigated for each of the H2 system components. Thirdly, a life cycle evaluation of primary energy and GHG emissions in the H2 fuel cycle is performed. Sensitivity analyses are performed for the H2 price and the life cycle energy and GHG emissions estimates. The study concludes with a summary of findings and suggestions for future research. 

Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emissions Analyses 6.1 Life Cycle Analysis Methods... 

This Section investigates life cycle energy and GHG emissions of a PV electrolytic H2 system. The boundaries of the life cycle energy and GHG emissions analyses are cradle to grave. Five life cycle stages are evaluated ... 

A generalized analysis such as this produces only approximate life cycle energy and GHG emissions estimates because of cross-sectional variation in product and material production processes and local energy sources. Sensitivity analysis is an analytical tool to evaluate the effect of variances in life cycle estimation parameters on results. The sensitivity analysis performed in this study applies a 25% variance to each of the life cycle estimation parameters. 

The life cycle energy and GHG emissions findings are presented in Table 8. The total primary energy embodied in the life cycle of the H2 production and distribution system is 35.8 MJprim/kg of delivered H2. Of the total life cycle energy, the PV power plant accounts for 50%, filling stations account for 22%, the pipeline system accounts for 19%, the electrolysis plant accounts for 5%, and the city gate distribution centers account for 4%. 

Lenzen M (2008) Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy a review. Energy Convers Manage 49 2178-2199... 

D. Sullivan, Life Cycle Energy Analyses of EV Storage Batteries, Whittman Associate Inc. to DOE (December 1980). 

Life Cycle energy requirements [MJ] kg of final product... 

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