Impact multiplication

The loss of productivity of arable land due to desertification has induced intensive research into understanding plant responses to drought and salt stress. Osmotic stress causes changes in cell volume that can impact multiple levels of cellular organization and function including plasma membrane... 

A probabilistic approach may be used to differentiate the two. This approach is particularly useful in ruling out potential risk factors with low probabilities of occurrence. It is important for the risk assessors to observe the impacts, list the potential stressors, identify exposure pathways, and review the evidence that a particular stressor can cause the observed effect. The causality criteria set in the previous section can be useful in this process the more criteria are met, the more likely the causation. The output is the probability of a particular stressor and its source being the causative agent for the observed or predicted impact. Multiple stressors might have similar probabilities due to uncertainties from the understanding of the exposure-effects link. 

Organic Coating 105°C 2 Extended bake cycles may negatively impact multiple heat cycle assembly processes... 

If the processes in a supply chain are not coordinated, they impact multiple companies negatively. It may lead to activities being replicated, inconsistent flows, and erroneous decisions. It may take a great deal of effort to manage the cumbersome interactions between companies. For example, HP s supply chain for computer monitor comprised a contract manufacturer (Solectron), who bought the plastic case for the monitor from an injection molder, shown in Fig. 3.7 (Hammer 2001). The molding-material was purchased from a plastics compounder, who acquired the resin (for compounding) from a resin supplier. The supply chain was linear and hierarchical, with the resin supplier upstream, HP downstream, and the rest in-between. 

H. Deutsch, K Becker, G. Senn, S. Matt, and T. D. Mark, Calculation of cross sections and rate coefficients for the electron impact multiple ionization of beryllium, boron, carbon, and oxygen atoms, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, vol. 192, no. 1—3, pp. 1—8, 1999. 

Whereas most chemists focused their attention on speculation about atoms and the question of atomic weights, the constant multiplicity in compounds occupied an increasingly central role. The new concept of substitution, i.e., the replacement of one element by another in a compound, started to make a major impact on chemistry in the 1840s. It was probably Dumas, who in the 1830s at the request of his father-in-law (who was the director of the famous Royal Sevres porcelain factory) resolved an event that upset a royal dinner party at the Tuil-... 

Mechanical properties of plastics can be determined by short, single-point quaUty control tests and longer, generally multipoint or multiple condition procedures that relate to fundamental polymer properties. Single-point tests iaclude tensile, compressive, flexural, shear, and impact properties of plastics creep, heat aging, creep mpture, and environmental stress-crackiag tests usually result ia multipoint curves or tables for comparison of the original response to post-exposure response. 

Flinn et al. [30] describes an experimental impact technique in which <100)-oriented LiF single crystals ( 8 ppm Mg) are loaded in a controlled manner and the multiplication of screw dislocations is measured. The peak shear stress in this relatively soft material is 0.01 GPa. For shear impulses exceeding approximately 40 dyne s/cm, dislocation multiplication is adequately described by the multiple-cross-glide mechanism [(7.24)] with m = l/bL = (2-4) X 10 m, in reasonable agreement with quasi-static measurement [2]. 

J.E. Flinn, G.E. Duvall, G.R. Fowles, and R.F. Tinder, Initiation of Dislocation Multiplication in Lithium Fluoride Monocrystals Under Impact Loading, J. Appl. Phys. 46, 3752-3759 (1975). 

---