Life cycle perspective

The Nordic eco-label is the official eco-label for the Nordic countries [9]. It was founded in 1989 and the aim is to provide customers with a tool (the Nordic eco-label logo) to help them choose among the best, environmental performing products on the market. The criteria are developed by using a life-cycle perspective. The Nordic eco-label has in total 63 product groups. 

Another study used a life-cycle perspective to model the quantities of engineered nanoparticles released into the environment [8]. The ENMs nano-Ag, - 2, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were studied. The quantification was based on a substance flow analysis from products to air, soil, and water in Switzerland. The life-cycle of the nanoproducts formed the basis for assessing the mass flows of the ENMs from the products to the environment during the use phase and disposal. The following... 

From a life cycle perspective, consideration should also be given to the removal of environmental stresses caused by the manufacture of these materials and the waste treatment ensuing from their use in the semi-synthetic route to paclitaxel. 

Dalhammar, C. 2007a. An emerging product approach in environmental law Incorporating the life cycle perspective. Doctoral dissertation, lllEE, Lund University. 

Keoleian, G., Kar, K., Manion, M. M., and BuUdey, J. W. (1997), Industrial Ecology of the Automobile A Life Cycle Perspective, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA. 

Eco-efficiency studies can be performed at all levels of the industrial system from the process over the plant to the product (life cycle) or conglomerate of industries for an industrial symbiosis system (Duflou et al. 2012). In order to avoid problem shifting when working to increase eco-efficiency of an activity (i.e., to inadvertently create environmental problems elsewhere so the overall eco-efficiency is not increased), it is recommended to apply a life cycle perspective on the activity and to address all relevant environmental impacts of the activity. 

Hauschild M (2005) Assessing environmental impacts in a life cycle perspective. Environ Sci Technol 39(4) 81A-88A... 

The assessment of the sustainability of products, production processes, and technologies suffers from the rather loose and ambiguous state of the definitimi of the concept. There is, however, agreement that an assessment must encompass all dimensimis of sustainability and needs to take a life cycle perspective on the activity or process to ensure that shifting of problems in the value chain is taken into account when optimizing the sustainability. 

Hauschild MZ, Dreyer LC, Jprgensen A (2008) Assessing Social Impacts in a Life Cycle Perspective - Lesstnis Learned. CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 57(l) 21-24. 

The enterprise assesses requirements and constraints from requirements analysis, subfunction arrangements resulting from functional decomposition, allocation of subfimctions to functional elements, design decisions made during synthesis, and design elements of the design architecture to identify the risk factors to successful completion of the project. These evaluations should be made from an entire life cycle perspective. Identification of risk should be in a form to imderstand... 

Estimate and compare cost effectiveness of each option, in terms of cost per unit risk reduction, keeping in mind a life cyxle perspective Rank risk control options on their cost effectiveness Estimate and compare cost effectivmess of each option, in terms espected benefit of vulnerabilirt reduction versus bnplememation cost, keeping in mind a life cycle perspective Rank vulnerability control options on their cost effectiveness Benefits of mitigating measures can also include benefits to normal operation (e.g increased fexibility). -Issess wfticA stakeholders pa and which would incur loss... 

A task still in the making is to develop metrics and indicators for risks which may contribute to making the overall supply system vulnerable. These may then be used in the life-cycle perspective, observing time-evolvement of risk factors. 

Williams H, Williams FW. Environmental impact of packaging and food losses in a life cycle perspective a comparative analysis of five food items. J Clean Prod 2011 19 43 8. 

Patel M., Jochem E., Marscheider-Weidemann E, Radgen E, von Thienen N. C-STREAMS -Estimation of material, energy and CO2 flows for model systems in the context of non-energy use, from a life cycle perspective. Volume 1 (1999). Report by Fraunhofer ISI Karlsruhe, Germany. 

Life cycle thinking is sometimes referred to as life cycle perspective [9. The primary objective of such thinking or perspective is to avoid shifting the burden from an action by minimizing impacts at one stage of the product s life cycle or in one geographic region only to increase the impact in another place or time. 

Chemical recycling should be considered in any waste management system for PLA, since from a life-cycle perspective, it represents a relatively small amount of net chemistry compared to the C02-to-PLA cycles for incineration or composting. Simple hydrolysis can turn waste PLA back into fully functional lactic acid, at potentially low economic and environmental cost, contributing to the total sustainability of PLA production. 

Lazarevic, D., Aoustin, E., Bucklet, N., and Brandt, N. (2010) Plastic waste management in the context of European recycling society Comparing results and uncertainties in a life cycle perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55 246-259. 

The following sections try to respond to such questions and provide some insight on the most typical pecnliarities of bioplastics from a life cycle perspective. 

Simons A, Bauer C (2015) A life-cycle perspective on automotive fuel cells. Appl Energy 157 884-896... 

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