Dyeing Methods

Two steps take place in the synthesis, as in the case of trimethine dyes. The first intermediate is a 2-anilinobutadieny] thiazolium, which then reacts with a second mole of 2-methylthiazolium salt or another molecule of a different ring according to the desired product either a symmetrical or asymmetrical dye (method B). 

Sulfurized V tDyes. These dyes occupy an intermediate position between the tme vat colors and sulfur dyes because, like vat dyes, they are dyed preferentially from a sodium dithionite—caustic soda bath. However, some dyes of this class can also be dyed from an alkaU sulfide bath or a combination of the two, depending on the dyeing method used and the nature of the substrate to be dyed. This has led to some confusion because Cl Vat Blue 42 and 43 are Hsted in the constitution section of the Colourindex under sulfur dyes. Although inferior to tme vat dyes in fastness properties, they offer the advantage of better fastness, especially to chlorine, than conventional sulfur dyes. 

It has been demonstrated [32,44] that the various p-cyclodextrin derivatives shown in Table 10.1 can be applied to the surface of appropriate fibres by dyeing methods traditionally used... 

Table 12.8 Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand data for high-temperature and carrier dyeing methods [120]...

Polyester dyeing method Liquor ratio bod5 (mg/l) COD (mg/l) BOD5 COD Harmful factor ... 

Table 12.19 Pad liquor formulations and fixation conditions for application of monofunctional and heterobifunctional reactive dyes by three continuous dyeing methods [162]...

Bark, S. J. and Hahn, K. M. (2000). Fluorescent indicators of peptide cleavage in the trafficking compartments of living cells Peptides site-specifically labeled with two dyes. Methods 20, 429-435. 

Spencer and Brewer [111] have reviewed methods for the determination of nitrate in seawater. Classical methods for determining low concentrations of nitrate in seawater use reduction to nitrite with cadmium/copper [ 112,116,117] or zinc powder [113] followed by conversion to an azo dye using N- 1-naphthyl-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and spectrophotometric evaluation. Malho-tra and Zanoni [114] and Lambert and Du Bois [115] have discussed the interference by chloride in reduction-azo dye methods for the determination of nitrate. 

All-in dyeing method, 9 177 Allinger force fields, 26 744, 745 All-in paste, 9 216 Allocation methods, in life cycle assessment, 24 815 Allomone, 24 473 Allo-ocimene, 24 490, 495 oxidation of, 24 491 Allo-ocimene diepoxide, 24 491 Allo-ocimene epoxide, 24 491 Allo-ocimenols, isomeric, 24 490 All-organic transistors, 22 222-223 D-Allose, 4 698... 

The vat dyes section of the Colour Index incorporates a subgroup called solubilised vat dyes. These are sodium salts of sulphuric acid esters of the parent leuco vat dyes, such as Cl Solubilised Vat Blue 6 (1.50). In contrast to the leuco compounds, the vat leuco esters dissolve readily in water at neutral pH. They have relatively low substantivity for cellulose and thus have been used mainly in continuous dyeing and printing. In the presence of an oxidant in mineral acid solution (sodium nitrite and sulphuric acid, for example) the leuco ester is rapidly decomposed and the insoluble vat dye regenerated. Thus application of a vat leuco ester represents a simpler (but more costly and less versatile) alternative to conventional dyeing methods via the alkaline leuco compound. 

Certain commercial developments in the last twenty years or so have had important effects on the pattern of pigments production. One is the rapid growth of textile production in the Asia Pacific region and another is the development of automated dyeing methods, coupled with instrumental methods of colour measurement and of computerised colour recipe prediction. 

Advances were made in developing dyeing methods and auxiliary products (sections 5.8.3 and 12.2) to improve the level-dyeing and coverage properties of sulphonated 1 2 metal-complex dyes, leading to the widespread adoption of the more economical of the monosulphonates in uses where unsulphonated dyes were previously considered essential. Sulphonated 1 2 metal-complex dyes may be divided into two subclasses ... 

The widespread adoption of high-temperature dyeing methods has also allowed the use of simple disazo structures, such as Cl Disperse Orange 13 (4.89) and Cl Disperse Orange 29 (4.90), as economic dyes giving chiefly yellow and orange hues. The latter dye is known to exist in the syn conformation in the crystal [95] the unsubstituted parent dye prefers the anti conformation. A few monoazo and disazo disperse dyes have absorption bands in the near infrared [96]. 

Improved mordant dyeing methods to minimise residual chromium... 

Traditional wool dyeing methods have often involved a rapid unlevel initial strike at low temperature, followed by a prolonged migration treatment at the boil to attain optimum levelness. To fit in with these requirements, ranges of reactive dyes developed for wool needed to react slowly with the fibre and this implied reactive systems with low intrinsic reactivity. One such group that was found to react too slowly for exploitation on cellulosic... 

Merocyanine Dye Method for Acid Analysis. Resist photochemistry can often be monitored by the changes in ultraviolet absorption spectra associated with a bleaching of the sensitizer absorbance. In the case of resist systems with triphenylsulfonium salts, no change in the film absorption is observed on irradiation. In order to determine the amount of acid produced, a direct method for acid analysis was required. A highly sensitive method was desirable since the amount of acid produced is approximately 10 6 mmol for a 1 micrometer thick film on a 2 inch wafer. Furthermore a nonaqueous technique is preferred in order to avoid hydrolysis of the hexafiuoroantimonate salt. Hydrolysis gives hydrogen fluoride (14) which makes accurate acid determination more difficult. 

Acid-catalyzed photoresist films acid diffusion, 35 acid generation, 303233/341 advantages, 28 catalytic chain length, 3435r development of classes of cationic photoinitiators, 28 experimental procedure, 35-36 generation mechanism from irradiation of triphenylsulfonium salts, 28-29 merocyanine dye method for acid analysis, 30,31/33/... 

Acid dye method for the analysis of thiamin, 18A, 73 electrophoretic separation and fluorometric determination of thiamin and its phosphate esters, 18A, 91 catalytic polarography in the study of the reactions of thiamin and thiamin derivatives, 18A, 93 preparation of thiamin derivatives and analogs, 18A, 141 preparation of the mono- and pyrophosphate esters of 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine for thiamin biosynthesis, 18A, 162 formation of the pyrophosphate ester of 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine by enzymes from brewers yeast in thiamin biosynthesis, 18A, 203 resolution, reconstitution, and other methods for the study of binding of thiamin pyrophos-... 

Lab test abnormalities Aminosalicylic acid has been reported to interfere technically with the serum determinations of albumin by dye-binding AST by the azoene dye method and with qualitative urine tests for ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, or porphobilinogen. 

A second widely used class of adsorbates is that of dyes. Methods using these are appealing because of the ease with which analysis may be made colorimetrically. The adsorption generally follows the Langmuir equation. Graham found an apparent molecular area of 19.7 A2 for methane blue on Graphon or larger than the actual... 

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