Leaf analysis

The task remains to determine the mean annual enthalpy from plant physiognomy. An analysis is presented relating foliar physiognomic characters to mean annual values of enthalpy, temperature, specific humidity, and relative humidity that exploits the method and data in the Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (Wolfe 1993). From present-day plant data collected from North America, Puerto Rico, and Japan, the leaf parameters are searched for linear combinations of the foliar characteristics that covary with the local climates. By doing so, the foliar characteristics can be determined that covary with one another and which best correlate with climate parameters. 

Green WA (2006) loosening the CLAMP An Exploratory Graphical Approach to the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program. Palaeontologia Electronica 9 1—17 . 

Table 4.2. Comparison of soil analysis and leaf analysis.

TIMING OF LEAF ANALYSES. In practice, the following two periods have been found to be suitable for taking samples for leaf analysis. 

Late leaf analysis (end of July to start of August). 

Because the results of the analysis are obtained relatively late (in August), it is virtually impossible to take corrective measures for the same growing season. For this reason, late leaf analysis is now relatively little used in practice, and there is a clear preference for early leaf analysis. 

Leaf analysis at the time of the highest nutrient requirements gives a better indication of deficiencies or levels in excess of requirements. 

Mitchell, H. L. and Chandler, R. F. (1939). The nitrogen nutrition and growth of certain deciduous trees of northeastern United States. With a discussion of the principles and practice of leaf analysis as applied to fore.st trees. Black Rock For. Bull. 11, 1-94. 

Neas, I., G.W. Brown, J.P. Dickerson, R.M. Henderson, W.B. James, W.B. Line, and H.C. Threat Jr Evaluation of once-over low-profile harvested tobacco Part I. Processing and leaf analysis Tob. Sci. 22 (1978) 59-63 Part n. Smoke chemistry and smoking panel evaluation Tob. Sci. 22 (1978) 67-70. 

Tso, T.C., J.F. Chaphn, J.D. Adams, and D. Hoffmaim Simple correlation and multiple regression among leaf and smoke characteristics of hurley tobaccos 7th Intemat. Tob. Sci. Cong., Manila, The Philippines, CORESTA Inf. Bull., Spec. Edition 1980 Paper APST 05, 137 Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 11 (1982) 141-150. Tso, T.C., J.E. Chaplin, K.E. LeLacheur, and T.J. Sheets Pesticide-treated V5. pesticide-free tobacco 1. Tobacco production and leaf analysis Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 10 (1980) 114-119. 

For a soil with an index of 2, the fertiliser recommendations would be 40kg/ha N, lOOkg/ha of and 125-175 kg/ha of K O. Leaf analysis should be taken for manganese and copper. 

Table 31. Comparative Analysis of Cassia Leaf Volatiles ...

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

Hawkins Index-Digest Analysis of Decisions Under the Interstate Commerce Act, Hawkias Publishing Co., Washiagton, D.C. Loose-leaf service, 10 Vols. collecting and digesting decisions under Interstate Commerce Act primarily to railroads. 

Mondello et al. (54) have developed some applications of on-line HPLC-HRGC and HPLC-HRGC/MS in the analysis of citrus essential oils. In particular, they used LC-GC to determine the enantiomeric ratios of monoterpene alcohols in lemon, mandarin, bitter orange and sweet orange oils. LC-GC/MS was used to study the composition of the most common citrus peel, citrus leaf (petitgrain) and flower (neroli) oils. The oils were separated into two fractions, i.e. mono- and sesquiterpene... 

Abscisin II is a plant hormone which accelerates (in interaction with other factors) the abscission of young fruit of cotton. It can accelerate leaf senescence and abscission, inhibit flowering, and induce dormancy. It has no activity as an auxin or a gibberellin but counteracts the action of these hormones. Abscisin II was isolated from the acid fraction of an acetone extract by chromatographic procedures guided by an abscission bioassay. Its structure was determined from elemental analysis, mass spectrum, and infrared, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Comparisons of these with relevant spectra of isophorone and sorbic acid derivatives confirmed that abscisin II is 3-methyl-5-(1-hydroxy-4-oxo-2, 6, 6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-l-yl)-c s, trans-2, 4-pen-tadienoic acid. This carbon skeleton is shown to be unique among the known sesquiterpenes. 

In a tiny fraction of cases, a quick formula can be used. For most cases, the analysis uses an options tree, with one leaf per possible outcome. However, this falls prey to the curse of dimensionality —the number of leaves on the tree grows exponentially in the number of risk and decision dimensions considered. Thus only a limited, simple set of situations can be optimized in this way because one has to severely limit the decisions and risks that are considered. Tools available to help automate and simplify options analysis, widely used in pharmaceutical project evaluation, include Excel addons such as R1SK [11] and more graphically based solutions such as DPL [12]. Both of these support the creation and evaluation of decision trees and of influence diagrams Figure 11.2 shows a simple example of each of these. A primer in applied decision theory is Clemen s book Making Hard Decisions, other sources may be found in the website of James Vornov, Director of Clinical Research at Guildford Pharmaceuticals, a recent convert to decision theory for options analysis [13]. 

Leaf material representing 38 sites was collected from plants cultivated under common garden conditions (University of Western Australia). Gas chromatographic analysis of the leaf oil revealed 33 components, nine of which accounted for 80.5%... 

As part of a study of the secondary chemistry of members of Cistus (the rock-rose) in France, Robles and Garzino (1998) examined the essential oil of C albidus L. Plants were sampled from two areas in Provence characterized by different soil types, calcareous sites west of Marseille, and siliceous sites near Pierrefeu-du-Var and Bormes les Mimosas (PF and BM, respectively, in Fig. 2.23), which lie about 60 km and 80 km to the east, respectively, in the Massif les Maures. Regardless of the soil type, a-zingiberene [88] (Fig. 2.24) was the dominant component. Concentrations of other major components of the plants varied between the two soil types, as summarized in Table 2.6. Many other compounds were present in lesser amounts, but varied little between the two areas. A more recent paper by the same workers (Robles and Garzino, 2000) described an analysis of C. monspeliensis L. leaf oils, the results of which are summarized in Table 2.7. 

As is the case with many members of Lamiaceae, Satureja douglasii produces abundant essential oil from glandular trichomes on the leaves. Gas chromatographic analysis of the leaf oils from specimens collected throughout the species range revealed the presence of some dozen and a half well-known compounds. The major compounds identified were camphene [215], camphor [216], which, taken together, were considered to comprise the bicyclic type, carvone [217], pulegone [218], menthone [219], and isomenthone [220] (see Fig. 2.68 for structures 215-220). The predominance of each of these major components defined a terpene type. (All compounds were observed in each of the terpene types, most in comparatively small amounts, some only as traces.)... 

The overall usefulness of terpene data for defining geographical races is shown in the comparison of profiles of eastern and western white spruce (see von Rudloff, 1975, for specific citations). Leaf oil analysis revealed consistent differences in... 

Takahashi, K., Nagahama, S., Nakasbima, T. and Suenaga, H. 2003. Chemotaxonomy on the leaf constituents of Thujopsis dolabrata Sieb. et Zucc.—analysis of acidic extracts. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31 723-738. 

---