Smoke characteristics

Gun Propellents. Although the stresses on individual gun propellant grains are less severe because of the small size, these propellants must withstand much higher weapon pressures and accelerations. Formulation options are usually more limited for gun propellants than for rocket propellants because the products of combustion must not foul or corrode a gun, should have a low flame temperature, and should exhibit minimum flash and smoke characteristics. Gun propellants are examined microscopically for porosity, are tested for mechanical characteristics, and fired in closed bombs to determine the burning characteristics. 

UE 910 Standardfor Safety, Test Methodfor Fire and Smoke Characteristics of Electrical and Optical Fiber Cables used in Air Handling Spaces, Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Northbrook, lU., 1985. 

Miscellaneous chemicals are used to modify the final properties of rigid polyurethane foams. Eor example, halogenated materials are used for flammabihty reduction, diols may be added for toughness or flexibiUty, and terephthalate-based polyester polyols may be used for decreased flammabiUty and smoke generation. Measurements of flammabihty and smoke characteristics are made with laboratory tests and do not necessarily reflect the effects of foams in actual fire situations. 

Listing gaseous emissions, concentrations, smoke characteristics prevailing winds and exposed zones toxicity or nuisance potential effects of synergism or poor atmospheric dispersing conditions. Consent limits. 

Berlin, I., Spreux-Varoquaux, O., Said, S., Launay, 1. Effects of past history of major depression on smoking characteristics, monoamine oxidase-A and -B activities and withdrawal symptoms in dependent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 45 31, 1997. 

Method of Test for Fire and Smoke Characteristics of Electrical Wire and Cables, 1990. Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products, 1990. 

Fire Test of Pneumatic Tubing for Flame and Smoke Characteristics, 1989. 

The smoke characteristics of three types of pyrolants, namely nitropolymer pyrolants composed of NC-NG with and without a nickel catalyst, and a B-KNO3 pyrolant, have been examined in relation to the use of these pyrolants as igniters of rocket motors. Though nitropolymer pyrolants are fundamentally smokeless in nature, a large amount of black smoke is formed when they burn at low pressures below about 4 MPa due to incomplete combustion. Metallic nickel or organonickel compounds are known to catalyze the gas-phase reaction of nitropolymer pyrolants. 

Table 12.7 Chemical formulations of the pyrolants used to evaluate smoke characteristics (mass fraction).

The smoke characteristics and the ignition capabilities of igniters are evaluated by using a micro-rocket motor. Ignition delay time and rate of pressure rise are... 

UL 1887 Standard for Safety Fire Test of Plastic Sprinkler Pipe for Visible Flame and Smoke Characteristics... 

With regard to tobacco components, Lloyd et al. (2389) identified 275 previously unidentified components of additive-free flue-cured tobacco, 132 new to all additive-free tobacco types. Many of these compounds were highly polar and considered significant contributors to MSS flavor and aroma. Similar detailed studies were conducted on the composition of hurley tobacco by Roberts and Rohde (3219), Oriental tobacco by Schumacher and Vestal (3561), and Maryland tobacco by Schumacher (3550). Years later, it became apparent that many of the highly polar components of tobacco and tobacco smoke were identical with similar to many of the components used in the flavor formulations, that is, the top dressing, added to a specific tobacco blend to impart its unique smoking characteristics (1053). Randomly selected publications on the identification of many additive-free tobacco and/or tobacco smoke components are listed in Table II.A-2. 

Tso, T.C., J.F. Chaphn, J.D. Adams, and D. Hoffmaim Simple correlation and multiple regression among leaf and smoke characteristics of hurley tobaccos 7th Intemat. Tob. Sci. Cong., Manila, The Philippines, CORESTA Inf. Bull., Spec. Edition 1980 Paper APST 05, 137 Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 11 (1982) 141-150. Tso, T.C., J.E. Chaplin, K.E. LeLacheur, and T.J. Sheets Pesticide-treated V5. pesticide-free tobacco 1. Tobacco production and leaf analysis Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 10 (1980) 114-119. 

---