Laboratory and field

Evaluation data taken from the more than 8 thousand reports of the laboratory and field wire ropes inspections show that the visual methods and life time criteria are non adequate to real durability of the ropes in service [4]. The data show that only a very small percentage of all ropes was replaced in a proper time, when one has used a visual inspection. 

X-ray tubes are used in a broad variety of technical applications the classical application certainly is the radiographic inspection. For the penetration of high-Z materials, relatively high power is required. This lead to the development of X-ray tubes for laboratory and field use of voltages up to 450 kV and cp power up to 4,5 kW. Because of design, performance and reliability reasons, most of these maximum power stationary anode tubes are today made in metal-ceramic technology. 

Environmental Chemistry. Requirements for data on pesticides in the environment include both laboratory and field studies. The purpose of these studies is to identify and assess the potential ha2ards associated with each use of a pesticide in the environment in which it is to be used (20). 

Data for thermal movement of various bitumens and felts and for composite membranes have been given (1). These describe the development of a thermal shock factor based on strength factors and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. Tensile and flexural fatigue tests on roofing membranes were taken at 21 and 18°C, and performance criteria were recommended. A study of four types of fluid-appHed roofing membranes under cycHc conditions showed that they could not withstand movements of <1.0 mm over joiats. The limitations of present test methods for new roofing materials, such as prefabricated polymeric and elastomeric sheets and Hquid-appHed membranes, have also been described (1). For evaluation, both laboratory and field work are needed. 

Most tine companies utilize thek own physical and chemical laboratories in addition to extensive tke testing faciUties which include laboratory and field vehicle tests. These faciUties are augmented by the avadabihty of private commercial companies which operate worldwide. 

Prevention of Soil Crusting. Acid-based fertilizers such as Unocal s N/Furic (a mixture of urea with sulfuric acid), acidic polymers such as FMC s Spersal (a poly(maleic acid) derivative originally developed to treat boiler scale) (58), the anionic polyacrylamides described previously, as weU as lower molecular weight analogues such as Cytec s Aerotil L Soil Conditioner, have all been used successfully in at least some circumstances to prevent the formation of soil cmsts. It is difficult to prove benefits in the laboratory, and field tests may give variable results depending on local weather conditions. 

Anodic Protection On the reverse anodic scan there will be a low current region (LCB) in the passive range. The passive potential range of the LCB is generally much narrower than the passive region seen on a forward slow scan. In anodic protection (AP) work the midpoint of the LCB potential is the preferred design range. This factor was verified for sulfuric acid in our laboratory and field studies. 

As was cited in the case of immersion testing, most SCC test work is accomplished using mechanical, nonelecdrochemical methods. It has been estimated that 90 percent of all SCC testing is handled by one of the following methods (1) constant strain, (2) constant load, or (3) precracked specimens. Prestressed samples, such as are shown in Fig. 28-18, have been used for laboratory and field SCC testing. The variable observed is time to failure or visible cracldng. Unfortunately, such tests do not provide acceleration of failure. 

Nekosa, G. and Hanck, J., Laboratory and Field Testing of Platinised Titanium and Niobium Anodes for Power Plant Applications , The Electrochemical Society Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pensylvania, October (1978)... 

Critical parts of the test programme are the preparation of test specimens, the selection of the exposure conditions (both in laboratory and field tests) and the selection of significant coating properties to be evaluated as a measure of deterioration with time. 

Research into the aquatic chemistry of plutonium has produced information showing how this radioelement is mobilized and transported in the environment. Field studies revealed that the sorption of plutonium onto sediments is an equilibrium process which influences the concentration in natural waters. This equilibrium process is modified by the oxidation state of the soluble plutonium and by the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Higher concentrations of fallout plutonium in natural waters are associated with higher DOC. Laboratory experiments confirm the correlation. In waters low in DOC oxidized plutonium, Pu(V), is the dominant oxidation state while reduced plutonium, Pu(III+IV), is more prevalent where high concentrations of DOC exist. Laboratory and field experiments have provided some information on the possible chemical processes which lead to changes in the oxidation state of plutonium and to its complexation by natural ligands. 

TharrD. 1998. Rapid assessment of organophosphate-induced cholinesterase depression A comparison of laboratory and field kit methods to detect human exposure to organophosphates. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 13 265-268. 

Hayes, T., Hasten, K., and Tsui, M. et al. (2003). Atrazine-induced hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) Laboratory and field evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 568-575. 

McCaffery, A.R., GladweU, R.T., and El-Nayir, H. et al. (1991). Mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids in laboratory and field strains of Heliothis virescens. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement 15, 143-158. 

Varanasi, U., Stein, J.E., and Reichert, W.L. et al. (1992). Chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons in bottom sediments, fish and marine mammals in US coastal waters laboratory and field studies of metabolism and accumulation. In C.H. Walker and D.R. Livingstone (Eds.) Persistent Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems, Oxford, U.K. Pergamon Press, 83-118. 

The concept of fibrous polymer formulations was extended to the delivery of aquatic herbicides (56). Several herbicides including Diquat, Fluridone, and Endothal were spun into biodegradable poly-caprolactone. Monolithic fibers and a modified monolithic system were produced with levels of herbicide from 5 to 60% by weight. Laboratory and field trials showed efficacious delivery of the active agent. Fibers provided both targeted localized delivery and controlled release of the herbicide to the aquatic weed. 

Cho HJ, Jaffe PR, Smith JA. 1993. Simulating the volatilization of solvents in unsaturated soils during laboratory and field infiltration experiments. Water Resour Res 29 3329-3342. 

Safinowski M, C Griebler, RU Meckenstock (2006) Anaerobic cometabolic transformation of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons evidence from laboratory and field studies. Environ Sci Technol 40 4165-4173. 

Burger J, Gochfeld M. 2000a. Effects of lead on birds (Laridae) a review of laboratory and field studies. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 3 59-78. 

Aluminum trichloride, a cheap, abundant waste product of the chemical industry, forms a gel under certain conditions with carbonates and on mixing with alkalies. Laboratory and field tests showed that aluminum trichloride can be used as a gel-forming agent for reducing the permeability of waterconducting channels [673]. 

The state of the art in chemical oil recovery has been reviewed [1732]. More than two thirds of the original oil remains unrecovered in an oil reservoir after primary and secondary recovery methods have been exhausted. Many chemically based oil-recovery methods have been proposed and tested in the laboratory and field. Indeed, chemical oil-recovery methods offer a real challenge in view of their success in the laboratory and lack of success in the field. The problem lies in the inadequacy of laboratory experiments and the limited knowledge of reservoir characteristics. Field test performances of polymer, alkaline, and micellar flooding methods have been examined for nearly 50 field tests. The oil-recovery performance of micellar floods is the highest, followed by polymer floods. Alkaline floods have been largely unsuccessful. The reasons underlying success or failure are examined in the literature [1732]. 

L. A. Cantu and P. A. Boyd. Laboratory and field evaluation of a combined fluid-loss control additive and gel breaker for fracturing fluids. In Proceedings Volume, pages 7-16. SPE Oilfield Chem Int Symp (Houston, TX, 2/8-2/10), 1989. 

D. A. Glowka, G. E. Loeppke, P. B. Rand, and E. K. Wright. Laboratory and field evaluation of polyurethane foam for lost circulation control, volume 13 of The geysers—three decades of achievement A window on the future, pages 517-524. Geothermal Resources Council, Davis, CA, 1989. 

D. Mackay and A. Chau. The effectiveness of chemical dispersants a discussion of laboratory and field test results. Oil Chem Pollut, 3(6) 405-415, 1986. 

A. A. Meharg, and K. Killham, Carbon distribution within the plant and rhizosphere in laboratory and field-grown Lolium perenne at different stages of development. Soil Biol. Biochem. 22 471 (1990). 

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