Heliothis virescens

Tenehrio molitor Hg/pupa Galleria melonella Hg/pupa Aedes aeg pt] ppm Musca domestica Hg/pupa Heliothis virescens, ppm... 

Galleria mellonella (L.)a Grapholitha molest a (Busck) Heliothis virescens (F.)... 

In some resistant strains, both types of resistance mechanism have been shown to operate against the same insecticide. Thus, the PEG87 strain of the tobacco bud worm (Heliothis virescens) is resistant to pyrethroids on account of both a highly active form of cytochrome P450 and an insensitive form of the sodium channel (Table 4.3 and McCaffery 1998). 

The continuing use of pyrethroids in agriculture has led to the emergence of resistant strains of pests. One of the best-studied examples is the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), a very serious pest of cotton in the southern United States (McCaffery... 

The other major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance found in some field strains of Heliothis virescens was enhanced detoxication due to a high rate of oxidative detoxication, mediated by a form of cytochrome P450 (McCaffery 1998). Some strains, such as PEG 87, which was subjected to a high level of field and laboratory selection, possessed both mechanisms. Other example of pyrethroid resistance due to enhanced detoxication may be found in the literature on pesticides. 

McCaffery, A.R., GladweU, R.T., and El-Nayir, H. et al. (1991). Mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroids in laboratory and field strains of Heliothis virescens. Southwestern Entomologist Supplement 15, 143-158. 

Lee SH, Soderlund DM (2001) The V410M mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis virescens reduces the pyrethroid sensitivity of house fly sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31 19-29... 

Sparks TC, Pavloff AM, Rose RL et al (1983) Temperature-toxicity relationships of pyrethroids on Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) and Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera Curculionidae). J Econ Entomol 76 243-246... 

Several species of lepidopterous larvae cause bollworm-type injury to bolls and squares throughout the tropics. They include the bollworm [Heliothis armigera (Hbn.)], the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (F.)], the black bollworm (Pro-denia latisfascia Wlk.), and in Peru Mescinia peruella Schaus. 

Cuts from the silica gel column were incorporated into artificial diets optimized for several economically-important agricultural pest insects, the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella> the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens> the corn earworm H. zea and the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. > Monitoring with this artificial diet bioassay, further column chromatography and preparative TLC on silica gel in diethylether-petrol yielded five... 

Table IV. Growth-Inhibitory Activity of Some Bioactive Constituents Derived from Geranium viscosissimum var. viscosissimum Fed in an Artificial Diet to First-Instar Larvae of Heliothis virescens...

Oil Limonoids Fed in an Artificial Diet to Flrst-Instar Larvae of Heliothis virescens... 

Cuticular diterpenes-duvanes and labdanes. Cutler have found that the cuticular diterpenes of green tobacco have both allelopathic and insect-deterrent effects (38). Present in the cuticle are duvane and/or labdane diterpenes (Figure 3) The levels of these specific cuticular components are believed to be responsible for the observed resistance of some types of tobacco to green peach aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer), tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (F.), and tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (L.) (39). 

It is also to be taken into account that pests, in response to genetically modified crops that bear genetic resistance, may rapidly become adapted, so that new genetically modified crops are needed to maintain high productivity. A gene associated with Bt resistance has been identified in the cotton pest, Heliothis virescens (Gahan 2001). The life span of a genetically modified crop is calculated to be a few years only (Plucknett 1986). 

Hedin, P.A. et al.. Multiple factors in cotton contributing to resistance to the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens F., in Plant Resistance to Insects, Heden, P.A., Ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, 1983, 347. 

Nicotine is rapidly excreted by three insect species that normally feed on Nicotiana tabacum (10,11). Manduca sexta. Trichoplusia ni, and Heliothis virescens eliminate the unchanged alkaloid after Ingestion, and no evidence was obtained to indicate that nicotine was subjected to any metabolic transformations. 

The effects of selected fatty acid (Cio-Cia) methyl esters on the pink bollworm (Pectinophora qossypiella). bollworm (Heliothis zea) and tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) were determined, and a number of cyclopropyl, olefinic and acetylenic methyl esters were also tested (115). Methyl (Z,Z)-deca-2,8-diene-4,6-diynoate (matricaria ester) was lethal at low concentrations to all three insects. This last ester was isolated from Conyza canadensis but is found in vegetative matter of many plants of the Asteraceae. 

Multiple Factors in Cotton Contributing to Resistance to the Tobacco Budworm, Heliothis virescens F. 

Behavioral and chemical evidence for signal specificity was also obtained by De Moraes et al. (1998). They found that Cardiochiles nigriceps, a parasitoid that specializes on Heliothis virescens, is much more attracted to plants attacked by its host than by plants attacked by the closely related non-host H. zea. Volatile collections... 

Galizia, C. G., Sachse, S. and Mustaparta, H. (2000). Calcium responses to pheromones and plant odours in the antennal lobe of the male and female moth Heliothis virescens. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 186 1049-1063. 

Vickers, N. J., Christensen, T. A., Mustaparta, H. and Baker, T.C. (1991). Chemical communication in heliothine moths. III. Flight behavior of male Heliocoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens in response to varying ratios of intra- and interspecific sex pheromone components. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 169 275-280. 

Jaspamide (17), previously mentioned in Section 17.3, is a modified peptide isolated from a Jaspis sponge. Jaspamide shows insecticidal activity against Heliothis virescens with an LCS0 of 4 ppm, as compared to 1 ppm for azadirachtin. Jaspamide (17), showed more than 72% mortality at 100 ppm to both southern com rootworm and tobacco budworm. Iso-domoic acids A (40), B, and C are novel amino acids from the red alga Chondria armata. They... 

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