Rana pipiens

More controversially, endocrine disruption as a consequence of exposure to the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamine-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine), one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, has also been hypothesized to explain various adverse biological effects in frog populations in the United States. Exposure to atrazine in the laboratory at high concentrations, far exceeding those found in the natural environment, has been reported to induce external deformities in the anuran species Rana pipiens, Rana sylvatica, and Bufo americanus (Allran and Karasov 2001). Studies by Hayes et al. have suggested that atrazine can induce hermaphroditism in amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations (Hayes et al. 2002 Hayes et al. 2003). Laboratory studies with atrazine also indicated the herbicide... 

Aukley, G.T., Diamond, S.A., and Tietge, J.E. et al. (2002). Assessment of the risk of solar ultraviolet radiation to amphibians. 1. Dose-dependent induction of hindhmb malformations in the Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens). Environmental Science and Technology 36, 2853-2858. 

Hayes, T., Hasten, K., and Tsui, M. et al. (2003). Atrazine-induced hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) Laboratory and field evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 568-575. 

Meteyer, C.U., Loeffler, I.K., and Fallon, J.F. et al. (2000). Hind limb malformations in free-living northern leopard frogs Rana pipiens) from Maine, Minnesota, and Vermont suggest multiple etiologies. Teratology 62, 151-171. 

Kaplan, H.M., T.J. Anrholt, and J.E. Payne. 1967. Toxicity of lead nitrate solutions for frogs (Rana pipiens). Lab. Animal Care 17 240-246. 

Leopard frog, Rana pipiens Lake St. Clair... 

AMPHIBIANS Early life stages exposed to silver nitrate from fertilization through 4 days after hatching Leopard frog, Rana pipiens ... 

Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens 650 Predicted no adverse effect on survival for late-stage larvae after 30 days 26... 

Fenvalerate intoxication effects may be reversible. Tadpoles of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) that survived LC50 concentrations of the 5,5-isomer for 96 h appeared normal 7 days after being placed in clean water (Matema 1991). Fenvalerate-protective agents include diazepam and endosulfan. Diazepam provides up to 14-fold protection to frogs against toxic doses of fenvalerate (Cole and Casida 1983) endosulfan provides limited protection to estuarine fish and shrimp (Scott et al. 1987 Trim 1987). 

Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, tadpoles ... 

Dial, N.A. and C.A. Bauer. 1984. Teratogenic and lethal effects of paraquat on developing frog embryos (Rana pipiens). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33 592-597. 

Leopard frog, Rana pipiens adults single ip injection of PCB 126 at 0.0.0.2, 0.7, 2.3, or 7.8 mg/kg BW. Four hepatic monooxygenases were examined After 1 week, specific activities were not affected at 0.7 mg/kg BW and lower, but were 3-6.4 times higher than controls at 2.3 mg/kg BW and higher — and remained elevated for at least 4 weeks 20... 

Huang, Y.W., M.J. Melancon, R.E. Jung, and W.H. Karasov. 1998. Induction of cytochrome P450-associated monooxygenases in northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, by 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl. Environ. 

Lappenbusch 1976). Low temperatures seem to prolong the survival of amphibians exposed to ionizing radiation. The survival was greater of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) held at low temperatures... 

Ankley, G.T., J.E. Tietge, D.L. DeFoe, K.M. Jensen, G.W. Holcombe, E.L. Durhan, and S.A. Diamond. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 2530-2542. 

Cheek, A.O. et al., Alteration of leopard frog (Rana pipiens) metamorphosis by the herbicide acetochlor, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 37, 70, 1999. 

Christin, M.S., et al., Effects of agricultural pesticides on the immune system of Rana pipiens and on its resistance to parasitic infection. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 22,1127, 2003. 

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