Strength factors

In the ideal case for REMPI, the efficiency of ion production is proportional to the line strength factors for 2-photon excitation [M], since the ionization step can be taken to have a wavelength- and state-mdependent efficiency. In actual practice, fragment ions can be produced upon absorption of a fouitli photon, or the ionization efficiency can be reduced tinough predissociation of the electronically excited state. It is advisable to employ experimentally measured ionization efficiency line strengdi factors to calibrate the detection sensitivity. With sufficient knowledge of the excited molecular electronic states, it is possible to understand the state dependence of these intensity factors [65]. 

These results provide so-called "selection rules" because they limit the L and M values of the final rotational state, given the L, M values of the initial rotational state. In the figure shown below, the L = L + 1 absorption spectrum of NO at 120 °K is given. The intensities of the various peaks are related to the populations of the lower-energy rotational states which are, in turn, proportional to (2 L + 1) exp(- L (L +1) h /STi IkT). Also included in the intensities are so-called line strength factors that are proportional to the squares of the quantities ... 

Data for thermal movement of various bitumens and felts and for composite membranes have been given (1). These describe the development of a thermal shock factor based on strength factors and the linear thermal expansion coefficient. Tensile and flexural fatigue tests on roofing membranes were taken at 21 and 18°C, and performance criteria were recommended. A study of four types of fluid-appHed roofing membranes under cycHc conditions showed that they could not withstand movements of <1.0 mm over joiats. The limitations of present test methods for new roofing materials, such as prefabricated polymeric and elastomeric sheets and Hquid-appHed membranes, have also been described (1). For evaluation, both laboratory and field work are needed. 

Most faults are attributed to poorly machined surfaces causing out-of-specification tolerances, although defective material failures also occur. Inadequate material hardness and poor strength factors contribute to many premature failures. Other common causes are improper coupling selection, improper installation, and/or excessive misalignment. 

The temperature of a molecule within any astronomical environment may vary from the intense cold of the interstellar medium with a temperature of 10 K to the temperature within a sun spot 4000 K close to the temperature at which a molecule would fall apart. The relative intensity of transitions along the progression is given by a line strength factor ... 

Hence the ratio of two transitions in the R-branch series may be used to derive the temperature of the molecule assuming that it is in LTE with its surroundings. Transitions in the P-branch have a different strength factor and this is given by ... 

The sum over all strength factors C(j) is 1, and the rij are analogous to the geometrical factors Lj in the expression (12.30) for the absorption cross section per unit volume of randomly oriented elhpsoids ... 

Baron L. I., 1972, Koefitsienty kreposti gornykh porod (The Strength Factor fit Rocks), izd. Nauka, Moskva. 

The excitation of a molecule may result in a change of its electron and rotational-vibrational quantum numbers. In the adiabatic approximation," the total wavefunction of a molecule can be presented as a product of the electron wave and the rovibrational wavefunction. In those cases where the former is weakly affected by the changes in the relative position of the nuclei (this is usually the case with lower vibrational levels), we can use the Condon approximation considering the electron wavefunction only at equilibrium configuration of the nuclei. In this case the oscillator strength factorizes into an electron oscillator strength and the so-called Frank-Condon factor, which is the overlap integral of the vibrational wavefunctions of the initial and the final states of the molecule.115,116... 

Fig. 12.10. Raman spectra of excised human eyecup, obtained from tissue locations in the central fovea (trace a), the parafovea (trace b), and the peripheral macula trace c). Macular pigment carotenoid peaks are obtained at 1159 and 1524 cm 1 with good signal-to-noise ratio, and decreasing strengths (factor of 30) when the excitation beam is moved from the center of the macula trace a) toward the peripheral retina trace c)...

The theory of rotational and vibrational Raman intensities is discussed in detail elsewhere (e.g.. References 1-6). Relative rotational Raman intensities are proportional to Raman line strength factors (S ). For rigid rotator, harmonic oscillator diatomic molecules S (J.,Jf) = 3(Jj+1)(Jj+2)/(2(2L+3)) where J is a rotational quantum number. However, real molecules are not rigid rotators and S must be... 

REST-—builds up your health points, according to strength factor. Extra points, ih3fou rest two days, in a row.. nts np hew votes, cos npthing. J v .. . ... 

The strength factor gives an indication of the resistance of the floes against rupture. The reeovery factor indicates the degree of recovery of the ruptured floes after the original velocity gradient is restored. These measurements are discussed with many details elsewhere (18). 

From Fig. 8 it is clear that the highest recovery factor occurs when floes formed with the reference coagulant dose. The relation between strength factor and coagulant dose is very smooth with a weak optimum for floes formed with the reference dose. 

The behaviour of a wall module composed of steel profiles and the inlaid panels under simulated wind action proves a strength factor of safety of about 3 1 against the expected wind load as prescribed in the SIA standard No. 160 [1], No comment on the allowable long-time deformation of the panels and also the whole system is, however, presented at this stage. 

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