Kidney stones, formation

Nucleic acid contents of SCP products, which range up to 16% in bacteria and 6—11% in yeasts, must be reduced by processing so that intakes are less than 2 g/d to prevent kidney stone formation or gout. Adverse skin and gastrointestinal reactions have also been encountered as a result of human consumption of some SCP products (87). 

The presence of Ca in kidney stones and the abnormally high Ca levels in idiopathic (absorptive) hypercalciuric individuals that are inherently more prone to kidney stones, initially led to the belief that dietary Ca may be a cause of renal stone formation (Coe et al., 1992). Recent evidence suggests that, as a therapeutic approach to reducing the risk for kidney stones, Ca-restricted diets may pose a greater risk to normocalciuric individuals prone to kidney stone formation such an approach may increase urinary oxalate and the likelihood of recurrent stones, as well as promote bone loss (Borghi et ah, 2002 Coe et al., 1997 Curhan et ah, 1997). The amoimt of oxalate excreted in urine has been foimd to be positively associated with Ca oxalate supersaturation and stone formation (Holmes et ah, 2001). While free oxalic acid is readily absorbed from the gut lumen (Morozumi et ah, 2006), an increased dietary Ca to oxalate... 

Drink plenty of fluids to prevent kidney stone formation... 

Oxalate Oxalate oxidase Vegetables Possibly related to kidney stones formation... 

Q9 Thiazides are considered first-line drugs in the treatment of hypertension in older people. They are also used in mild heart failure and to inhibit kidney stone formation in hypercalciuria, in addition to their use in treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 

The relationship between calcium and phosphate metabolism is very complex. The quesbon of the ratio of calcium/phosphate in the diet may be raised when discussing diets needed to support maximal growth or when discussing pathological phenomena, such as hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, kidney stone formation, and the ealcificabtin of soft tissues. A firm grounding in one or two relationships in calcium... 

Whether this increased oxalate excretion has consequences in terms of stone formation depends very much on the dosage and duration of treatment. In a small study in healthy individuals short-term, high-dose ascorbic acid (4 g in 5 days) did not affect the risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation (8). A prospective study of the association between doses of pyri-doxine and ascorbic acid and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones was undertaken in a large cohort of US nurses. Ascorbic acid was not associated with a higher risk of stone formation (25). 

Auer BL, Auer D, Rodgers AL. The effect of ascorbic acid ingestion on the biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998 36(3) 143-7. 

Kessler T, Jansen B, Hesse A. Effect of blackcurrant-, cranberry- and plum juice consumption on risk factors associated with kidney stone formation. Eur J CUn Nutr 2002 56(10) 1020-3. 

McHarg T, Rodgers A, Charlton K. Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation. BJU Int 2003 92(7) 765-8. 

Evan AP, Coe EL, Lingeman JE, Worcester EM. Insights on the pathology of kidney stone formation. Urol Res 2005 33 383-9. 

Cranberry juice has been widely used for the prevention, treatment, and symptomatic relief of urinary tract infections (3). Also, cranberry juice has been given to patients to help reduce urinary odors in incontinence (4-6). Another potential benefit of the use of cranberry is a decrease in the rates of kidney stone formation (7-9). 

Other secretory products of the nephron are not weU understood. For example, a significant proportion of normal urinary protein is formed by Tamm Horsfall glycoprotein (THG). This protein is secreted by the distal tubule and is thought to play a role in inhibiting kidney stone formation, but this has not been confirmed conclusively. The tubular epithelial cells also synthesize a vast range of growth factors and cytokines in response to a variety of stimuli that can have both autocrine and paracrine effects. All cells also secrete a range of cell adhesion molecules that are essential to cellular attachment to the tubular basement membrane. 

The milder ( classic, type III) Bartter s syndrome is due to defects in tire basolateral pump CLC-Kb. Although the phenotype is extremely variable (neonatal, life-threatening presentations do occur), these patients typically present in the first year of hfe with weakness and hypovolemia and normal urinary calcium excretion. Nephrocalcinosis and kidney stone formation are not normally features. 

Figure 45-16 Diagrammatic representation of the interplay of factors involved in kidney stone formation. High or low pH may act as a promoter or inhibitor of stone formation depending on the stone type in question (e.g., calcium stone formation is favored by inadequate acidification while urate is less soluble in acidic urine). Controversy exists as to whether formed stones become trapped as they pass through the nephron ( free particle theory ) or whether stone formation occurs at damaged sites on the tubule wall ( fixed particle theory ).

In healthy individuals - that is, with normal kidney function and with no history of nephrolithiasis - supplementation with up to 2-3 g calcium per day appears to be associated with only a minimal risk of hypercalcemia and kidney stone formation (Ringe... 

The most common side-effects of topiramate are paresthesia (27%), headache (21%), fatigue (20%), dizziness (14%), somnolence (1 3%), anorexia (11%), and weight loss (11 %). Less common side-effects, but with important clinical implications, are depression (7%), difficulty with concentration (7%), and confusion (5%). " As with other anhydrase inhibitors, topiramate has been associated with kidney-stone formation, and the incidence of nephrolithiasis is estimated to be 2-4 times higher than that expected in a similar untreated population. Many of the central nervous system effects of topiramate, including cognitive complaints, can be managed by gradual introduction and dose escalation. ... 

CHRONIC HEALTH RISKS emphysema risk of lung cancer increased frequency of kidney stone formation impaired neurological development skeletal malformations fragile bones high blood pressure decreased birth weights.. 

The client should increase fluid intake when taking allopurinol to prevent drug accumulation and toxic effects and to minimize the risk of kidney stone formation. Therefore, this statement does not warrant intervention by the nurse. 

Sheng, X., Ward, M. D., and Wesson, J. A. 2005. Crystal surface adhesion explains the pathological activity of calcium oxalate hydrates in kidney stone formation, / Am Soc Nephrol 16,1904-1908. 

Melamine is not particularly toxic, and its effect in rats is comparable to that of table salt the in rats for ingestion is 3161 mg/kg of body weight, (with other sources showing 6000 mg/kg of body weight), data for humans could not be found. Melamine is excreted from blood plasma with a half-life of 3 h. Large quantities of melamine cause kidney stone formation, inflammation of the irrinary bladder, a type of cell proliferation called hyperplasia, and, in male rats, urinary bladder cancer. A dose of 63 mg/kg of body weight per day (NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level) does not increase the risk of kidney stone in rats. 

Calcium Aiding bone formation, especially in pregnant or lactating women, or in elderly women Kidney stone formation... 

Documented effects Alcohol and water extracts of the roots inhibited the growth of Aeromoms hydrophila. Bacillus mega-terium, Corynebacterium xenosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Micrococcus luteus. Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, but was not an effective inhibitor of Escherichia coli (Golcu et al. 2002). In experiments with rats that ate fresh roots decreased bladder and kidney stone formation was observed, but increased death rates were exhibited. In experiments with rabbits that were given root extracts orally, decreased calcium oxalate crystal formation in the kidneys and hepatotoxicity was observed. Genotoxic effects were observed in bacterial and mammalian cell systems (Blumenthal 1998). 

Two human genetic diseases are known which involve this disulphide amino acid. In one, cystinuria , there is a transport defect in the intestine and kidney. This results in abnormally high levels of cystine in the urine and can result in the precipitation of cystine crystals and kidney stone formation. In cystinosis, cystine crystals form within cells and eventually cause severe kidney damage. The nature of the primary biochemical lesion is unknown all known cystine reduction systems of the cell appear to be normal. 

Lemann, J., Piering, W.F. and E.J. Lennon Possible role of carbohydrate induced calciuria in calcium oxalate kidney stone formation N.Bngl J.Med. 280, 232, 19 9. 

Inhibition of nucleation has been investigated for a range of different crystallization phenomena, most notably for calcium carbonate crystallization with the aim of preventing fouling [8,13,14], crystallization of calcium oxalate with a view to understanding possible mechanisms for preventing urolithiasis (kidney stone formation) [15,16], crystallization of salts from well waters (prevention of well blockage in oil and gas exploitation [17], and sea water desalination [18]. 

The urinary glycoproteins may also have a protective function for kidney tissues. These substances have been repeatedly implicated in kidney-stone formation. Thus, kidney stones and uromueoid have similar analyses (but with the former lacking sialic acid) luid uromueoid itself shows a marked tendency to inhibit calcium phosphate precipitation from supersaturated solutions, but does not do so after depolymerization (Gottsciialk, 1966, p. 458). 

Precipitation from solutions is also used in hydrothermal synthesis. It is also involved in geochemical phenomena and even some biological processes such as calcification and kidney stone formation. 

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