Restricted diet

Chitosan is also effective in lowering serum cholesterol concentration and hypertension, in subjects with a restricted diet. Of course, the quaUty and the chemical form of chitosan should be adequate to the scope. 

Boileau, T. W., Z. Liao, S. Kim et al. 2003. Prostate carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-testosterone-treated rats fed tomato powder, lycopene, or energy-restricted diets. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(21) 1578—1586. 

The term vitamin is a misnomer, the name means vital amines, and while vitamins are essential for life they are not, as was originally supposed, amines. Most vitamins were discovered as a result of a deficiency disease produced by a restricted diet. Long voyages on sailing ships with a diet composed of ship s biscuit, dried beans, dried peas and salted meat produced scurvy. In the worst cases the whole crew were affected, but the ship s officers tended to be less severely affected. 

The physiologic sequelae of biotin deficiency are almost unexplored. Severe skin lesions, especially seborrheic dermatitis and Leiner s disease (Erythroderma desquamativum or exfoliative dermatitis), were increased in young infants bom of mothers on a restricted diet low in eggs, livers, and other biotin-rich foods. After biotin administration the lesions healed. There are claims that excess biotin produces a fatty liver characterized by heightened cholesterol content. Choline has no effect in the prevention of biotin-fatty livers (G2, M2). In mice with transplanted tumors, both the tumors and the blood levels of biotin are below normal (R8). More recent studies established a protection with avidin, the biotin-binding fraction of egg white, against tumor formation (K4). More data along these lines are still needed for confirmation. 

Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAOis). There are no controlled studies of MAOIs for the treatment of AN. In addition, the dietary restrictions imposed on patients taking this class of antidepressant and their propensity for lowering blood pressure makes their use in AN inadvisable. In the future, the issue of using MAOis may be reopened with the advent of the so-called reversible MAOis such as moclobemide that apparently do not require a tyramine-restricted diet. 

The disease develops at 3 to 6 months of age and it is characterised by developmental delay, eczema, hyperactivity and mental retardation. Newborn babies are routinely screened for PKU in many countries. Treatment is a phenylalanine-restricted diet and supplementation with tyrosine. 

A moderate degree of restricted diet in rats had little, if any, effect on the secondary antitoxin production, but in later work prolonged and severe undernutrition had a definitely deleterious effect on secondary antitoxin production (H2). 

Excessive vitamin C doses Diabetics, patients prone to recurrent renal calculi, those undergoing stool occult blood tests and those on sodium restricted diets or anticoagulant therapy should not take excessive doses of vitamin C over an extended time period. 

Psychological disturbances Psychological disturbances occurred in patients who received an anorectic agent together with a restrictive diet. 

Preparations containing sodium should be used cautiously by individuals on a sodium-restricted diet, and in the presence of edema, CHF, renal failure, or borderline hypertension. 

Sodium-restricted diets Each buffered tablet contains 264.5 mg sodium. Each single-dose packet of buffered powder for oral solution contains 1380 mg sodium. Hyperuricemia Didanosine has been associated with asymptomatic hyperuricemia consider suspending treatment if clinical measures aimed at reducing uric acid levels fail. 

Alginic Acid + Aluminum Hydroxide Magnesium Tnsilicate (Gaviscon) [Antacid] [OTC] Uses Heartburn hiatal hernia pain Action Protective layer blocks gastric acid Dose 2—4- tabs or 15-30 mL PO qid followed by H2O Caution [B, -] Avoid in renal impair or Na -restricted diet Disp Tabs, susp SE D, constipation Interactions T Absorption OF tetracyclines EMS None OD May cause constipation, loss of appetite, muscle weakness, and peripheral edema symptomatic and supportive... 

The presence of Ca in kidney stones and the abnormally high Ca levels in idiopathic (absorptive) hypercalciuric individuals that are inherently more prone to kidney stones, initially led to the belief that dietary Ca may be a cause of renal stone formation (Coe et al., 1992). Recent evidence suggests that, as a therapeutic approach to reducing the risk for kidney stones, Ca-restricted diets may pose a greater risk to normocalciuric individuals prone to kidney stone formation such an approach may increase urinary oxalate and the likelihood of recurrent stones, as well as promote bone loss (Borghi et ah, 2002 Coe et al., 1997 Curhan et ah, 1997). The amoimt of oxalate excreted in urine has been foimd to be positively associated with Ca oxalate supersaturation and stone formation (Holmes et ah, 2001). While free oxalic acid is readily absorbed from the gut lumen (Morozumi et ah, 2006), an increased dietary Ca to oxalate... 

Treatment of type 2 diabetes, at least in its early stages, mainly involves lifestyle modification. -Recommendations include a calorie-restricted diet and increased exercise, with the goal of... 

Treatment for these autosomal recessive conditions is to provide a Met-restricted diet with vitamin supplementation to enhance any residual enzyme activity that may be available and with Cys supplementation to make up for the deficiency in its synthesis. 

Recent evidence suggests possible progressive deterioration in mental function, eg, declining IQ after adult PKU patients suspend the Phe-restricted diet. 

Veien NK, Menne T. 1990. Nickel contact allergy and a nickel-restricted diet. Seminars in Dermatology 9(3) 197-205. 

Facchini, F.S. and Saylor, K.L., A low-iron-available, polyphenol-enriched, carbohydrate-restricted diet to slow progression of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes, 52, 1204, 2003. 

Not long after their introduction, it was discovered that MAOIs could have serious and sometimes fatal interactions with other medications and foods that have high levels of tyramine. Tyramine is found in foods like cheese, wine, beer, liver, and even chocolate, and can increase blood pressure. MAOIs interact with certain medications and foods, raising blood pressure so much that fatal results can occur. To be used safely, these drugs must be taken with a restricted diet. 

Organisms that have a very restricted diet can be expected to have evolved more specific mechanisms to target chemicals in the diet that are especially toxic substances. Thus, an insect living on one plant might protect itself against one toxin by specific biochemical traits—see Chapter 9. 

Despite impressions to the contrary, MAOIs are generally well tolerated if patients observe the restricted diet and avoid medications that contain sympathomimetic amines. Adverse effects are rarely a treatment-limiting problem with the exception of hypotension. MAOIs also fall between TCAs and SSRIs in terms of overdose risk. Major toxic reactions to MAOIs are uncommon but require immediate discontinuation and symptomatic treatment. 

Because CBZ can cause hyponatremia, it should be used cautiously in patients on a salt-restricted diet ( 373). Hyponatremia is rarely clinically significant when sodium values are above 125 mmol/L. Low sodium levels, as well as concomitant diuretic and lithium users, may predispose to the development of the syndrome of inappropriate ADH. Since CBZ enhances the effects of ADH, it can lead to impairment of free water clearance from the body. Older patients are at higher risk and should be closely monitored for this adverse effect which can be managed by dose reduction of CBZ. More severe cases, however, usually require switching to... 

Correct answer = B. Phenyllactate, phenyl-acetate, and phenylpyruvate, which are not normally produced in significant amounts in the presence of functional phenylalanine hydroxylase, are elevated in PKU, and appear in the urine. In patients with PKU, tyrosine cannot be synthesized from phenylalanine and, hence, becomes essential and must be supplied in the diet Treatment must begin during the first seven to ten days of life to prevent mental retardation. Discontinuance of the phenylalanine-restricted diet before eight years of age is associated with poor performance on IQ tests. Adult PKU patients show deterioration of attention and speed of mental processing after discontinuation of the diet. Life-long restriction of dietary phenylalanine is, therefore, recommended. 

---